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Electricity rates for electric vehicle direct current fast charging in the United States

机译：美国电动汽车直流快速充电的电费

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摘要

While several efforts are promoting a widespread and convenient network of direct current fast charging (DCFC) stations to support electric vehicles, there is limited understanding of the magnitude and variability of the cost of electricity for these applications. This information gap may hinder optimal investing and planning for charging station placement and in turn affect electric vehicle adoption and usage. Here, we assess the electricity cost for different scenarios of DCFC station size and use based on over 7500 commercial and industrial electricity rates available for 2017 across the United States. Results show that the cost of electricity for DCFC varies dramatically, ranging from less than $0.10 to over $2 per kilowatt-hour, depending on station design and high uncertainty in use. The main driver of cost is low utilization, which results from a combination of few charging events and limited energy recharged during each event. Low utilization leads to significantly higher electricity cost, particularly for rates with demand charges; however, cost decreases rapidly as utilization increases. For high-utilization stations, selecting rates with demand charges can actually reduce electricity costs compared to non-demand-charge rates. Moreover, significant opportunities for cost savings based on existing rates include preferential charging during off-peak hours and limiting multi-plug station power so that not all plugs can be used simultaneously at maximum power.
机译：尽管有多种努力正在促进广泛广泛且便利的直流快速充电（DCFC）站网络来支持电动汽车，但是对于这些应用的电力成本的大小和可变性了解有限。这种信息鸿沟可能会阻碍对充电站布局的最佳投资和计划，进而影响电动汽车的采用和使用。在这里，我们根据全美2017年可用的7500多种商业和工业电价，评估DCFC站规模和使用情况不同的用电成本。结果表明，DCFC的电力成本变化很大，从每千瓦小时不到0.10美元到超过2美元，这取决于电站的设计和使用中的高度不确定性。成本的主要驱动因素是利用率低，这是由很少的充电事件和每次事件期间充电的有限能量共同导致的。利用率低会大大提高电费，特别是对于按需收费的电价；但是，成本随着利用率的提高而迅速下降。对于高利用率电站，与非需求费率相比，选择具有需求费率的费率实际上可以降低电费。此外，基于现有费率节省成本的重大机会包括在非高峰时段优先充电以及限制多插头站点的电源，以便并非所有插头都可以最大功率同时使用。

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