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Factory-level measurements on CO_2 emission factors of cement production in China

机译：中国水泥生产中CO_2排放因子的工厂级测量

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摘要

Cement is a primary component of concrete and is consumed extensively for construction and transportation infrastructures worldwide. Cement is largely produced and consumed locally but has global impact in terms of both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. China is both the largest producer of cement and the biggest emitter of CO_2 emissions in the world. It has been widely recognized that uncertainties of China's CO_2 emissions were poorly quantified and clear discrepancies can be identified among different sources. These discrepancies arise from many uncertainties, including system boundary and statistical standards, availability of production data (especially for the clinker and cement outputs), and emission factors. We argue that the emission factors (EFs, either default values or adjusted ones) are the most important here and highlight the importance of clearly defining the CO_2 accounting and reporting boundaries for determining the emission factors. We therefore developed a factory-level measurement for different types of clinker and cement production, primarily using onsite surveys and sampling, with the objective of distinguishing process-, combustion- and electricity-related emission factors on a factory level. It is a bottom-up CO_2 emission inventory for China using the uniform formula and calculators and the first time factory-level sampling method (BFSM) based on three tiers of production lines, provincial and national integrations. Our results indicate that China's carbon emissions from cement production might be overestimated in the previous estimates because they overlooked the technology transition from the wet process to the dry process, differences in lime content and clinker-to-cement ratios, raw materials and fuels substitutions, and usages of blend additives.
机译：水泥是混凝土的主要成分，在全球范围内广泛用于建筑和运输基础设施。水泥主要在当地生产和消费，但在能源消耗和温室气体排放方面都具有全球影响。中国既是世界上最大的水泥生产国，也是最大的CO_2排放国。人们已经普遍认识到，中国二氧化碳排放的不确定性量化程度很低，并且在不同来源之间可以发现明显的差异。这些差异源于许多不确定性，包括系统边界和统计标准，生产数据的可用性（尤其是熟料和水泥产量）以及排放因子。我们认为排放因子（EFs，默认值或调整后的值）在这里最为重要，并强调了明确定义CO_2核算和报告边界以确定排放因子的重要性。因此，我们主要使用现场调查和抽样，针对不同类型的熟料和水泥生产，开发了工厂级别的测量方法，目的是在工厂级别区分与过程，燃烧和电力相关的排放因子。它是中国的自下而上的CO_2排放清单，使用了统一的公式和计算器，并且是基于三级生产线，省级和国家级集成的首次工厂级采样方法（BFSM）。我们的结果表明，中国在水泥生产中的碳排放量可能在以前的估算中被高估了，因为它们忽略了从湿法到干法的技术过渡，石灰含量和熟料水泥比，原料和燃料替代品之间的差异，和混合添加剂的用途。

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  • 来源
    《Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews》 |2014年第6期|337-349|共13页
  • 作者

    Lei Shen; Tianming Gao; Jianan Zhao; Limao Wang; Lan Wang; Litao Liu; Fengnan Chen; Jingjing Xue;

  • 作者单位

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;

    China Building Materials Academy, Beijing 100024, China;

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Security, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;

    Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Security, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Emission factors; CO_2 emission; Cement production; China;

    机译：排放因子;CO_2排放;水泥生产;中国;

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