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Making norms to tackle global challenges: The role of Intergovernmental Organisations

机译：制定规范以应对全球挑战：政府间组织的作用

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摘要

This paper argues that Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs) can play a significant role in the processes of system transformation required by Grand Challenges. The reason is their potential to influence socio-technical regimes connected to policy areas in which they have authority. Supported by mandates, moral standing and technical expertise, IGOs act in two ways: operating with high level of political support, these organisations guide priority setting and norm development through the definition of collective problems and solutions, including STI aspects, establishing a shared vision; involving public and private actors, IGOs implement and protect novel practices that reinforce the new norms, from legally binding agreements to the creation of new spaces for international collaboration. These processes are examined here in the field of global health, where outside pressure directed at the intellectual property rules in connection to access to medicines prompted the WHO to define the health challenge as a need to stimulate innovation and ensure wide access to technology at the same time. Two of the solutions implemented by IGOs to achieve both goals are analysed: the Medicines Patent Pool, designed by UNITAID to fulfil access and innovation needs in relation to HIV/AIDS drugs, and WIPO Re:Search, set up by WIPO to support collaboration and accelerate discovery and product development for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Malaria and Tuberculosis.
机译：本文认为，政府间组织（IGO）可以在“大挑战”所要求的系统转型过程中发挥重要作用。原因是它们有可能影响与他们拥有权力的政策领域有关的社会技术制度。在任务授权，道德立场和技术专长的支持下，政府间组织的行动有两种方式：在高水平的政治支持下运作，这些组织通过定义集体问题和解决方案（包括科学，技术和创新方面），指导重点确定和规范制定，建立共同愿景；政府间组织参与了公共和私人参与者，从法律上具有约束力的协议到为国际合作创造新空间，政府间组织实施并保护了加强新规范的新颖做法。在全球卫生领域中对这些过程进行了研究，在此方面，针对与获取药物有关的知识产权规则的外部压力促使世卫组织将健康挑战定义为刺激创新和确保广泛获得技术的需求。时间。分析了政府间组织为实现这两个目标而实施的两种解决方案：由国际药品采购机制设计的药品专利池，以满足与艾滋病毒/艾滋病药品有关的获取和创新需求；以及由WIPO设立的WIPO Re：Search，以支持合作和加快被忽视的热带病，疟疾和结核病的发现和产品开发。

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