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Entrepreneurial orientation (EO): Measurement and policy implications of entrepreneurship at the macroeconomic level

机译：创业方向（EO）：在宏观经济层面衡量创业精神的措施和政策含义

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Although entrepreneurship has been deemed crucial to economic growth, empirical evidence on the entrepreneurship—growth nexus is inconclusive. A key reason for these mixed findings could be that entrepreneurship has been erroneously specified as entry density; whereas a more accurate characterisation of entrepreneurship at the macro-level is aggregated EO. Using data of 93 countries over the period 1980-2008, we compute EO as an aggregate level, unidimensional, second-order construct with three indicators that covary: risk-taking, innovativeness and proactiveness. Importantly, unlike other proxies of entrepreneurship, the level of EO and particularly its increment, positively and robustly correlate with economic growth, across all levels of development. The policy derivative of our findings seem clear and encouraging: governments, who wish to promote entrepreneurship and its attendant economic growth, should revisit their emphasis on promoting policies that erroneously encourage the entry of replicative mom and pop shops and, instead, consider fostering (1) entry of high EO firms, and (2) those with lofty EO behaviour amongst existing firms.
机译：尽管企业家精神被认为对经济增长至关重要，但是关于企业家精神-增长联系的经验证据尚无定论。这些不同结论的主要原因可能是企业家精神被错误地指定为进入密度。而从宏观角度更准确地描述企业家精神是合计的EO。使用1980年至2008年期间93个国家的数据，我们将EO计算为一个总水平，一维，二阶结构，具有三个变化的指标：冒险，创新和积极主动。重要的是，与其他企业家精神代理不同，在所有发展水平上，EO的水平，尤其是其增量，都与经济增长成正相关。我们研究结果的政策衍生工具似乎清晰而令人鼓舞：希望促进企业家精神及其伴随的经济增长的政府应重新强调其对错误地鼓励仿制妈妈和流行商店进入的政策的促进，而应考虑进行培育（1 ）进入高EO公司，以及（2）在现有公司中具有较高EO行为的公司。

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