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Is there complementarity or substitutability between internal and external R&D strategies?

机译：内部和外部研发策略之间是否存在互补性或可替代性？

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摘要

The various strands of extant empirical research are inconclusive about the complementarity or substitutability between different innovation mechanisms, such as internal and external R&D. Using a panel sample of 83 incumbent pharmaceutical firms covering the period 1986-2000, our empirical analysis suggests that, instead of a clear-cut answer to the question of whether internal and external R&D are complementary or substitutive innovation activities, there appears to be a contingent relationship between internal and external R&D strategies in shaping a firm's innovative output. The results from our study indicate that the level of in-house R&D investments, which is characterized by decreasing marginal returns, is a contingency variable that critically influences the association between internal and external R&D strategies. In particular, internal R&D and external R&D, through either R&D alliances or R&D acquisitions, are complementary innovation activities at higher levels of in-house R&D investments, whereas at lower levels of in-house R&D efforts, internal and external R&D turn out to be substitutive strategic options.
机译：现有的各种实证研究的各个方面对于内部和外部研发等不同创新机制之间的互补性或可替代性尚无定论。我们使用覆盖1986年至2000年的83家在职制药公司的面板样本，我们的经验分析表明，与其明确回答内部和外部研发是互补还是替代创新活动，不如说是明确的答案。内部和外部研发策略在塑造企业创新产出方面的偶然关系。我们的研究结果表明，内部研发投入的水平（其特征是边际收益降低）是一种偶然变量，会严重影响内部和外部研发策略之间的关联。特别是，通过研发联盟或研发并购进行的内部研发和外部研发是内部研发投资水平较高的补充创新活动，而在内部研发工作水平较低的情况下，内部和外部研发则是替代性战略选择。

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