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Some critical episodes in the progress of medical innovation: An Anglo-American perspective

机译：医疗创新进展中的一些关键事件：英美视角

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The central concern of this paper is to show that medical innovations have depended heavily on breaking down barriers that have long prevailed in the academic world, in the form of disciplinary boundaries that have coalesced into separate departments; to be specific, some of the biggest breakthroughs for the Life Sciences have come from the realm of the Physical Sciences. The present study is confined mainly to molecular biology and to diagnostic technologies (as well as to the therapeutic technologies that have frequently flowed from them); both owed a great deal to institutional innovations that emerged in the Anglo-American medical research world. Opportunities for transfers of instrumentation and techniques across disciplinary boundaries have been considerably strengthened as medical schools have been located, geographically and organizationally, closer to the universities. The American Medical Centers and the Stanford Program provide many examples. These achieved more than counterparts in the UK like the Cavendish Laboratories at Cambridge, which had pioneered in such fields.
机译：本文的主要关注点在于，表明医学创新在很大程度上取决于打破学术界长期存在的障碍的方式，即学科界限的形式已经合并为独立的部门。具体而言，生命科学领域的一些最大突破来自物理科学领域。本研究主要限于分子生物学和诊断技术（以及经常从中获得的治疗技术）；两者都归功于英美医学研究界出现的体制创新。随着医学学校在地理和组织上的位置更接近大学，跨学科转移仪器和技术的机会已大大加强。美国医疗中心和斯坦福计划提供了许多示例。这些成果比在剑桥的卡文迪许实验室（Cavendish Laboratories）等英国同行中取得的成就要大得多。

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