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The structure of invention

机译：发明的结构

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摘要

This paper explores the process by which radically novel technologies - ones such as radar, the turbojet, or the polymerase chain reaction - come into being. It shows that this process - "invention" - has a certain logical structure common to all cases. Invention is a process of linking some purpose or need with an effect that can be exploited to satisfy it. It may begin with a purpose or need for which existing methods are not satisfactory; this forces the seeking of a new principle (the idea of an effect in action). Or it may begin with a phenomenon or effect itself - usually a freshly discovered one - for which some associated principle of use suggests itself. Either way, translating this base principle into physical reality requires the creation of suitable working parts and supporting technologies. These raise their own challenges or problems, the solution of which may raise further challenges. As a result, invention is a recursive process: it repeats until each challenge or problem (and subproblem, and sub-subproblem) resolves itself into one that can be physically dealt with. It is challenging, usually lengthy, part-conceptual, and part-experimental.
机译：本文探讨了诸如雷达，涡轮喷气发动机或聚合酶链反应之类的根本新颖技术的形成过程。它表明此过程-“发明”-具有所有情况下都通用的某种逻辑结构。发明是将某些目的或需求与可以用来满足它的效果联系起来的过程。它可能以现有方法不能令人满意的目的或需求开始；这迫使人们寻求新的原则（行动效果的想法）。或者，它可能始于现象或效应本身（通常是新发现的现象或效应），一些相​​关的使用原理表明了其本身。无论哪种方式，要将这一基本原理转化为物理现实都需要创建合适的工作部件和支持技术。这些提出了自己的挑战或问题，解决这些问题可能会带来进一步的挑战。结果，发明是一个递归过程：它重复进行直到每个挑战或问题（以及子问题和子子问题）将自己解决为可以物理处理的过程。它具有挑战性，通常是冗长的，部分概念性的和部分实验性的。

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