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Institutional complementarities: The origins of experimentation in China's plug-in electric vehicle industry

机译：制度上的互补性：中国插电式电动汽车产业实验的起源

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摘要

A vast literature on technology transitions within industries suggests that early phases of new technologies are marked by periods of intense experimentation, but we know little about the conditions under which these periods emerge. We apply inductive, grounded theory-building techniques to examine what prompts firms to experiment across one emerging technology platform—plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)—in China. Triangulating annual vehicle make and model sales data from 2003 to 2016 (plus monthly data from 2010 to 2016); 112 English and Mandarin archival documents from industry, academic, and news outlets; and 51 semi-structured interviews with industry, government, and academic stakeholders, we develop four in-depth case studies. We find that in contrast to the innovation trajectories of multinational and Chinese arms of joint venture (JV) firms, independent domestic Chinese firms (those with no history of international JV partnerships) are undertaking significant experimentation across multiple levels—infrastructure, core system, subsystem, and component—of the emerging PEV technology platform. We propose the concept of “institutional complementarities” to describe how interactions among institutions—here the national JV regulation and local market support and subsidies—may have turned regional markets into protected laboratories, extending the incubation periods for independent domestic firm experimentation. While this diverse experimentation may be an important antecedent of technology transition, consolidation induced by national policy standardization or competitive pressure may be required for PEV innovations to scale beyond their early, protected regional markets.
机译：有关行业内技术转换的大量文献表明，新技术的早期阶段是经过大量试验的阶段，但我们对这些阶段出现的条件知之甚少。我们运用归纳法，扎实的理论构建技术来研究促使公司在中国的一种新兴技术平台（插电式电动汽车（PEV））上进行试验的原因。三角剖析了2003年至2016年的年度汽车品牌和车型销售数据（加上2010年至2016年的月度数据）来自行业，学术和新闻媒体的112份英语和普通话档案文件；以及与行业，政府和学术界利益相关者进行的51次半结构化访谈，我们开发了四个深入的案例研究。我们发现，与跨国公司和中国合资企业（JV）的创新轨迹相反，独立的中国国内公司（没有国际合资企业历史的公司）正在从基础设施，核心系统，子系统等多个层面进行重大试验。以及新兴PEV技术平台的组件。我们提出“机构互补性”的概念，以描述机构之间的相互作用（这里是国家合资企业法规以及当地市场支持和补贴）如何将区域市场变成受保护的实验室，从而延长了独立的国内公司实验的潜伏期。尽管这种多样化的试验可能是技术转型的重要先决条件，但为了使PEV创新超越其早期受保护的区域市场，可能需要国家政策标准化或竞争压力引起的整合。

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