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The supply chain economy: A new industry categorization for understanding innovation in services

机译：供应链经济：一种新的行业分类，以了解服务创新

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摘要

An active debate has centered on the importance of manufacturing for driving innovation in the U.S. economy. This paper offers an alternative framework that focuses on the role of suppliers of goods and services (the "supply chain economy") in national performance. We identify three conceptual attributes of suppliers that make them important for innovation: they produce specialized inputs; have more downstream linkages with other industries', and benefit especially from co-locating with their customers, creating externalities. Using the 2002 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts, we estimate a new industry categorization that separates supply chain (SC) industries (i.e., those that sell primarily to businesses or government) from business-to-consumer (B2C) industries (i.e., those that sell primarily to consumers). We find that the supply chain economy is a distinct and large segment of the economy that includes primarily service providers. The SC industries, especially traded services, have higher average wages than B2C industries. The supply chain economy also has higher innovative activity as captured by the concentration of the vast majority of STEM jobs (primarily in traded services) and patents (in manufacturing). Finally, we find that employment in the economy has evolved from manufacturing into two distinct types of services (1998-2015): SC Traded Services (with the highest STEM intensity and wages) versus B2C Main Street (with the lowest STEM intensity and wages).
机译：积极的辩论是集中在美国经济中推动创新的重要性。本文提供了替代框架，专注于商品和服务供应商（“供应链经济”）在国家表现中的作用。我们确定了三个供应商的概念属性，使其成为创新的重要意义：他们产生专门的投入;与其他行业有更多的下游联系，并受益于与客户共同定位，创造外部性。使用2002年基准输入 - 输出账户，我们估计了一种新的行业分类，将供应链（SC）行业（即，销售主要销售给企业或政府）的新行业分类（即那些主要出售给消费者）。我们发现供应链经济是一个不同的经济群体，包括主要服务提供商。 SC行业，尤其​​是交易的服务，比B2C行业更高的平均工资。供应链经济也具有更高的创新活动，因为绝大多数词干工作的集中（主要是交易服务）和专利（制造业）所捕获。最后，我们发现经济的就业已经从制造业发展到两种不同类型的服务（1998-2015）：SC交易服务（具有最高的茎强度和工资）与B2C主街（具有最低的阀杆强度和工资） 。

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