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MEASURING THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY WITH THE CURRENCY DEMAND APPROACH: A REINTERPRETATION OF THE METHODOLOGY, WITH AN APPLICATION TO ITALY

机译:用货币需求方法衡量地下经济:方法的重新解释,并应用于意大利

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摘要

We contribute to the debate on how to assess the size of the underground (or shadow) economy by proposing a reinterpretation of the traditional Currency Demand Approach (CDA) a la Tanzi. In particular, we introduce three main innovations. First, we take a direct measure of the value of cash transactions-the flow of cash withdrawn from bank accounts relative to total non-cash payments-as the dependent variable in the money demand equation. This allows us to avoid unrealistic assumptions on the velocity of money and the absence of any irregular transaction in a given year, overcoming two severe critiques to the traditional CDA. Second, in place of the tax burden level, usually intended as the main motivation for non-compliance, we include among the covariates two direct indicators of detected tax evasion. Finally, we control also for the role of illegal production considering crimes like drug dealing and prostitution, which-jointly with the shadow economy-contributes to the larger aggregate of the non-observed economy and represents a significant component of total cash payments. We propose then an application of this "modified CDA" to a panel of 91 Italian provinces for the years 2005-08.
机译:通过提议重新解释传统的货币需求法(CDA)和“探子”,我们为关于如何评估地下(或影子)经济规模的辩论做出了贡献。特别是,我们介绍了三个主要创新。首先,我们直接衡量现金交易的价值,即从银行帐户提取的现金相对于非现金付款总额的流量,作为货币需求方程式中的因变量。这使我们可以避免对货币速度的不切实际的假设以及在给定年份中没有任何不规则交易的情况,从而克服了对传统CDA的两种严厉批评。第二,代替通常被认为是违规行为的主要动机的税收负担水平,我们在协变量中包括两个检测到的逃税直接指标。最后,考虑到毒品交易和卖淫等犯罪,我们还控制了非法生产的作用。毒品犯罪和卖淫与影子经济一起,在未观察到的经济总量中占较大比例,是现金支付总额的重要组成部分。然后,我们建议将该“修改后的CDA”应用于2005-08年度意大利91个省的小组。

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