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首页> 外文期刊>Reviews on environmental health >Using the Hill viewpoints from 1965 for evaluating strengths of evidence of the risk for brain tumors associated with use of mobile and cordless phones
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Using the Hill viewpoints from 1965 for evaluating strengths of evidence of the risk for brain tumors associated with use of mobile and cordless phones

机译：利用1965年的Hill观点评估与使用移动电话和无绳电话有关的脑肿瘤风险的证据证据

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Background: Wireless phones, i.e., mobile phones and cordless phones, emit radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) when used. An increased risk of brain tumors is a major concern. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) evaluated the carcinogenic effect to humans from RF-EMF in May 2011. It was concluded that RF-EMF is a group 2B, i.e., a "possible", human carcinogen. Bradford Hill gave a presidential address at the British Royal Society of Medicine in 1965 on the association or causation that provides a helpful framework for evaluation of the brain tumor risk from RF-EMF.Methods: All nine issues on causation according to Hill were evaluated. Regarding wireless phones, only studies with long-term use were included. In addition, laboratory studies and data on the incidence of brain tumors were considered.Results: The criteria on strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, and biologic gradient for evidence of increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma were fulfilled. Additional evidence came from plausibility and analogy based on laboratory studies. Regarding coherence, several studies show increasing incidence of brain tumors, especially in the most exposed area. Support for the experiment came from antioxidants that can alleviate the generation of reactive oxygen species involved in biologic effects, although a direct mechanism for brain tumor carcinogenesis has not been shown. In addition, the finding of no increased risk for brain tumors in subjects using the mobile phone only in a car with an external antenna is supportive evidence. Hill did not consider all the needed nine viewpoints to be essential requirements. Conclusion: Based on the Hill criteria, glioma and acoustic neuroma should be considered to be caused by RF-EMF emissions from wireless phones and regarded as carcinogenic to humans, classifying it as group 1 according to the IARC classification. Current guidelines for exposure need to be urgently revised.
机译：背景技术：无线电话，即移动电话和无绳电话，在使用时会发射射频电磁场（RF-EMF）。脑肿瘤的风险增加是一个主要问题。世界卫生组织（WHO）的国际癌症研究机构（IARC）在2011年5月评估了RF-EMF对人类的致癌作用。结论是RF-EMF是2B组，即“可能” ，人类致癌物。布拉德福德·希尔（Bradford Hill）于1965年在英国皇家医学会上就该协会或因果关系作了主席演讲，为评估RF-EMF引起的脑肿瘤风险提供了有用的框架。方法：根据希尔的观点，对所有九个因果关系问题进行了评估。关于无线电话，仅包括长期使用的研究。此外，还考虑了有关脑肿瘤发生率的实验室研究和数据。结果：符合关于神经胶质瘤和听神经瘤风险增加证据的强度，一致性，特异性，时间性和生物学梯度标准。其他证据来自基于实验室研究的合理性和类比。关于连贯性，一些研究表明，脑肿瘤的发生率正在增加，尤其是在最暴露的区域。尽管尚未显示出脑肿瘤致癌的直接机制，但抗氧化剂可以减轻生物活性中活性氧的产生，这为该实验提供了支持。此外，发现仅在带有外部天线的汽车中使用移动电话的受试者没有增加患脑瘤的风险，这是有力的证据。希尔没有将所有必需的九种观点都视为基本要求。结论：根据Hill的标准，神经胶质瘤和听神经瘤应被认为是由无线电话的RF-EMF辐射引起的，并且被认为对人类具有致癌性，根据IARC的分类将其归为第一类。当前的暴露准则需要紧急修订。

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