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Persistent polar depletion of stratospheric ozone and emergent mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-mediated health dysregulation

机译：平流层臭氧的持久性极耗竭和紫外线辐射介导的健康失调的新机制

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Year 2011 noted the first definable ozone "hole" in the Arctic region, serving as an indicator to the continued threat of dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure caused by the deterioration of stratospheric ozone in the northern hemisphere. Despite mandates of the Montreal Protocol to phase out the production of ozone-depleting chemicals (ODCs), the relative stability of ODCs validates popular notions of persistent stratospheric ozone for several decades. Moreover, increased UVR exposure through stratospheric ozone depletion is occurring within a larger context of physiologic stress and climate change across the biosphere. In this review, we provide commentaries on stratospheric ozone depletion with relative comparisons between the well-known Antarctic ozone hole and the newly defined ozone hole in the Arctic. Compared with the Antarctic region, the increased UVR exposure in the Northern Hemisphere poses a threat to denser human populations across North America, Europe, and Asia. In this context, we discuss emerging targets of UVR exposure that can potentially offset normal biologic rhythms in terms of taxonomically conserved photoperiod-dependent seasonal signaling and entrainment of circadian clocks. Consequences of seasonal shifts during critical life history stages can alter fitness and condition, whereas circadian disruption is increasingly becoming associated as a causal link to increased car-cinogenesis. We further review the significance of genomic alterations via UVR-induced modulations of phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ transcription factors located in skin cells, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), with emphasis on mechanism that can lead to metabolic shifts and cancer. Although concern for adverse health consequences due to increased UVR exposure are longstanding, recent advances in biochemical research suggest that AhR and Nrf2 transcriptional regulators are likely targets for UVR-mediated dysregulations of rhythmicity and homeostasis among animals, including humans.
机译：2011年是北极地区第一个可定义的臭氧“空洞”，它是北半球平流层臭氧恶化造成的危险紫外线辐射持续威胁的指标。尽管《蒙特利尔议定书》授权逐步淘汰消耗臭氧层的化学品（ODC），但ODC的相对稳定性证实了几十年来流行的持久性平流层臭氧概念。此外，在整个生物圈的生理压力和气候变化的更大背景下，通过平流层臭氧消耗增加的紫外线辐射暴露正在发生。在这篇综述中，我们提供了有关平流层臭氧消耗的评论，并比较了著名的南极臭氧洞和北极新定义的臭氧洞。与南极地区相比，北半球的紫外线辐射暴露增加，对北美，欧洲和亚洲的人口稠密构成了威胁。在这种情况下，我们讨论了UVR暴露的新兴目标，这些目标可能会根据分类学上保守的光周期依赖性季节信号和昼夜节律的夹带而抵消正常的生物节律。在关键的生活史阶段，季节性变化的后果可能会改变健康状况，而昼夜节律紊乱正日益成为致癌性增加的因果关系。我们进一步回顾了通过UVR诱导的位于皮肤细胞中的Ⅰ和Ⅱ期转录因子，芳烃受体（AhR）和核因子（类胡萝卜素衍生的2）相关因子2（Nrf2）的调节，基因组改变的意义。 ，重点关注可能导致代谢转移和癌症的机制。尽管人们长期以来一直担心由于增加UVR暴露而对健康造成的不利影响，但是生化研究的最新进展表明，AhR和Nrf2转录调节因子可能是UVR介导的动物（包括人类）节律性和体内平衡失调的靶标。

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