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Second hand smoke exposure in children: environmental factors, physiological effects, and interventions within pediatrics

机译：儿童二手烟接触：环境因素，生理影响和儿科干预措施

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Background: Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure has long been correlated with many adverse disease processes, particularly in children. For children growing up with socioeconomic disadvantages and increased exposure to SHS, exposure can have far-reaching consequences. Objective: The purpose of this review was to examine the literature assessing the effects of SHS exposure in children, as well as the perspectives of both parents and providers regarding current practices in cessation counseling. The review also sought out recommendations on ways to increase the influence of pediatricians on parental smoking. Study group: Children under the age of 18 years. Methods: PubMed and MEDLINE were searched systematically. A narrative approach was used because the studies differed in methods and data. Results: The studies showed correlations between SHS exposure and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), asthma, altered respiratory function, infection, cardiovascular effects, behavior problems, sleep difficulties, increased cancer risk, and a higher likelihood of smoking initiation. Questionnaires of both parents and pediatricians showed that pediatricians are not consistently carrying out the recommended smoking cessation interventions, with lack of training as a primary barrier. Nevertheless, interventions targeting improved cessation training for both residents and practicing pediatricians have been studied and show promising results. Conclusions: SHS exposure has many detrimental effects on children's health, particularly for those in low socioeconomic circumstances, for which factors in the built environment accentuated a higher baseline risk. By counseling parents, expanding residency education, and continuing advocacy work, pediatricians can have a significant positive impact on children's health as related to SHS exposure.
机译：背景：二手烟（SHS）暴露长期以来与许多不良疾病过程相关，尤其是在儿童中。对于成长中具有社会经济劣势和接触SHS的儿童而言，接触可能会产生深远的影响。目的：本综述的目的是研究评估接触SHS对儿童的影响的文献，以及父母和提供者对戒烟咨询当前做法的看法。审查还就增加儿科医生对父母吸烟的影响的方式提出了建议。研究小组：18岁以下的儿童。方法：系统搜索PubMed和MEDLINE。使用叙事方法是因为研究的方法和数据不同。结果：研究表明，暴露于SHS与婴儿猝死综合症（SIDS），哮喘，呼吸功能改变，感染，心血管疾病，行为问题，睡眠困难，癌症风险增加以及吸烟可能性较高之间存在相关性。父母和儿科医生的调查表均表明，由于缺乏培训是主要障碍，儿科医生并非始终如一地执行建议的戒烟干预措施。尽管如此，针对居民和执业儿科医生的旨在改善戒烟培训的干预措施已得到研究，并显示出可喜的结果。结论：SHS暴露对儿童的健康有许多不利影响，特别是对于那些处于低社会经济状况的儿童，在建筑环境中，这些因素加剧了较高的基线风险。通过为父母提供咨询，扩大住院医师教育以及继续进行宣传工作，儿科医生可以对儿童的健康产生重大的积极影响，如与SHS接触有关。

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