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Survey of Ambient Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment Tools

机译：环境空气污染健康风险评估工具调查

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Designing air quality policies that improve public health can benefit from information about air pollution health risks and impacts, which include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and premature death. Several computer-based tools help automate air pollution health impact assessments and are being used for a variety of contexts. Expanding information gathered for a May 2014 World Health Organization expert meeting, we survey 12 multinational air pollution health impact assessment tools, categorize them according to key technical and operational characteristics, and identify limitations and challenges. Key characteristics include spatial resolution, pollutants and health effect outcomes evaluated, and method for characterizing population exposure, as well as tool format, accessibility, complexity, and degree of peer review and application in policy contexts. While many of the tools use common data sources for concentration-response associations, population, and baseline mortality rates, they vary in the exposure information source, format, and degree of technical complexity. We find that there is an important tradeoff between technical refinement and accessibility for a broad range of applications. Analysts should apply tools that provide the appropriate geographic scope, resolution, and maximum degree of technical rigor for the intended assessment, within resources constraints. Asystematic intercomparison of the tools' inputs, assumptions, calculations, and results would be helpful to determine the appropriateness of each for different types of assessment. Future work would benefit from accounting for multiple uncertainty sources and integrating ambient air pollution health impact assessment tools with those addressing other related health risks (e.g., smoking, indoor pollution, climate change, vehicle accidents, physical activity).
机译：制定旨在改善公共卫生的空气质量政策，可以受益于有关空气污染健康风险和影响的信息，其中包括呼吸系统疾病，心血管疾病和过早死亡。几种基于计算机的工具可帮助实现空气污染健康影响评估的自动化，并被用于各种环境。我们将收集2014年5月世界卫生组织专家会议收集的信息，对12种跨国公司空气污染健康影响评估工具进行调查，并根据关键的技术和运营特征对它们进行分类，并确定局限性和挑战。主要特征包括空间分辨率，评估的污染物和健康影响结果，表征人群暴露的方法，以及工具格式，可访问性，复杂性以及在政策环境中同行评审和应用的程度。尽管许多工具使用共同的数据源来进行浓度-反应关联，人口和基线死亡率，但它们在暴露信息源，格式和技术复杂程度方面有所不同。我们发现，在广泛的应用中，技术改进和可访问性之间存在重要的权衡。分析师应使用工具，在资源限制范围内为预期的评估提供适当的地理范围，分辨率和最大的技术严谨度。对工具的输入，假设，计算和结果进行系统的比较，将有助于确定每种工具对不同类型评估的适当性。未来的工作将受益于对多种不确定性源的考虑，并将环境空气污染健康影响评估工具与解决其他相关健康风险（例如吸烟，室内污染，气候变化，车辆事故，体育锻炼）的工具整合在一起。

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