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Risk Assessment and Alternatives Assessment: Comparing Two Methodologies

机译：风险评估和替代评估：比较两种方法

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摘要

The selection and use of chemicals and materials with less hazardous profiles reflects a paradigm shift from reliance on risk minimization through exposure controls to hazard avoidance. This article introduces risk assessment and alternatives assessment frameworks in order to clarify a misconception that alternatives assessment is a less effective tool to guide decision making, discusses factors promoting the use of each framework, and also identifies how and when application of each framework is most effective. As part of an assessor's decision process to select one framework over the other, it is critical to recognize that each framework is intended to perform different functions. Although the two frameworks share a number of similarities (such as identifying hazards and assessing exposure), an alternatives assessment provides a more realistic framework with which to select environmentally preferable chemicals because of its primary reliance on assessing hazards and secondary reliance on exposure assessment. Relevant to other life cycle impacts, the hazard of a chemical is inherent, and although it may be possible to minimize exposure (and subsequently reduce risk), it is challenging to assess such exposures through a chemical's life cycle. Through increased use of alternatives assessments at the initial stage of material or product design, there will be less reliance on post facto risk-based assessment techniques because the potential for harm is significantly reduced, if not avoided, negating the need for assessing risk in the first place.
机译：危险性较低的化学品和材料的选择和使用反映了范式的转变，即从对风险最小化的依赖（通过暴露控制）到危险规避。本文介绍了风险评估和替代方案评估框架，以澄清一个误解，即替代方案评估是指导决策的较无效工具，讨论了促进每个框架使用的因素，并确定了如何以及何时应用每个框架最有效。作为评估者选择一个框架而不是另一个框架的决策过程的一部分，至关重要的是要认识到每个框架都旨在执行不同的功能。尽管这两个框架有许多相似之处（例如，识别危害和评估暴露程度），但替代评估提供了一个更现实的框架来选择对环境更有利的化学品，因为它主要依赖于评估危害而次要依赖于暴露评估。与其他生命周期影响相关，化学品的危害是固有的，尽管有可能将接触减至最少（并随后降低风险），但在化学品的整个生命周期中评估此类接触仍具有挑战性。通过在材料或产品设计的初始阶段更多地使用替代评估，将减少对事后基于风险的评估技术的依赖，因为如果不避免，危害的可能性将大大降低，从而消除了评估风险的必要性。第一名。

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