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Risk Governance for Mobile Phones, Power Lines, and Other EMF Technologies

机译：手机，电源线和其他EMF技术的风险治理

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Power-frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) have been present in industrialized countries since the late 19th century and a considerable amount of knowledge has been accumulated as to potential health effects. The mainstream scientific view is that even if there is a risk, it is unlikely to be of major public-health significance. EMFs from cellular communications and other radio-frequency technologies have increased rapidly in the last decade. This technology is constantly changing, which makes continued research both more urgent and more challenging. While there are no persuasive data suggesting a health risk, research and particularly exposure assessment is still immature. The principal risk-governance issue with power frequencies is how to respond to weak and uncertain scientific evidence that nonetheless causes public concern. For radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, the issue is how to respond to large potential consequences and large public concern where only limited scientific evidence exists. We survey these issues and identify deficits in risk governance. Deficits in problem framing include both overstatement and understatement of the scientific evidence and of the consequences of taking protective measures, limited ability to detect early warnings of risk, and attempted reassurance that has sometimes been counterproductive. Other deficits relate to the limited public involvement mechanisms, and flaws in the identification and evaluation of tradeoffs in the selection of appropriate management strategies. We conclude that risk management of EMFs has certainly not been perfect, but for power frequencies it has evolved and now displays many successful features. Lessons from the power-frequency experience can benefit risk governance of the radio-frequency EMFs and other emerging technologies.
机译：自19世纪末以来，工频国家已经出现了工频电场和磁场（EMF），并且积累了有关潜在健康影响的大量知识。主流科学观点认为，即使存在风险，也不太可能具有重大的公共卫生意义。在过去的十年中，来自蜂窝通信和其他射频技术的EMF迅速增长。这项技术在不断变化，这使得继续进行研究既紧急又更具挑战性。尽管没有说服力的数据表明存在健康风险，但研究，尤其是接触评估仍不成熟。功率频率的主要风险管理问题是如何应对仍然引起公众关注的薄弱且不确定的科学证据。对于射频电磁场，问题是在只有有限的科学证据的情况下，如何应对巨大的潜在后果和公众的广泛关注。我们调查了这些问题，并确定了风险治理中的缺陷。问题框架中的缺陷包括科学证据的高估和低估以及采取保护性措施的后果，发现风险预警的能力有限以及尝试保证有时会适得其反。其他缺陷涉及有限的公众参与机制，以及在选择适当的管理策略时在权衡的确定和评估方面的缺陷。我们得出的结论是，EMF的风险管理肯定不是完美的，但是对于功率频率，它已经发展并显示出许多成功的特征。功率频率经验的教训可以使射频EMF和其他新兴技术的风险管理受益。

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