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Dealing With The White Death: Avalanche Risk Management For Traffic Routes

机译：处理白死病：交通路线的雪崩风险管理

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摘要

This article discusses mitigation strategies to protect traffic routes from snow avalanches. Up to now, mitigation of snow avalanches on many roads and railways in the Alps has relied on avalanche sheds, which require large initial investments resulting in high opportunity costs. Therefore, avalanche risk managers have increasingly adopted organizational mitigation measures such as warning systems and closure policies instead. The effectiveness of these measures is, however, greatly dependent on human decisions. In this article, we present a method for optimizing avalanche mitigation for traffic routes in terms of both their risk reduction impact and their net benefit to society. First, we introduce a generic framework for assessing avalanche risk and for quantifying the impact of mitigation. This allows for sound cost-benefit comparisons between alternative mitigation strategies. Second, we illustrate the framework with a case study from Switzerland. Our findings suggest that site-specific characteristics of avalanche paths, as well as the economic importance of a traffic route, are decisive for the choice of optimal mitigation strategies. On routes endangered by few avalanche paths with frequent avalanche occurrences, structural measures are most efficient, whereas reliance on organizational mitigation is often the most appropriate strategy on routes endangered by many paths with infrequent or fuzzy avalanche risk. Finally, keeping a traffic route open may be very important for tourism or the transport industry. Hence, local economic value may promote the use of a hybrid strategy that combines organizational and structural measures to optimize the resource allocation of avalanche risk mitigation.
机译：本文讨论了缓解交通路线免受雪崩影响的缓解策略。到目前为止，阿尔卑斯山许多公路和铁路上的雪崩的缓解依赖于雪崩棚，因为雪崩棚需要大量的初期投资，从而导致较高的机会成本。因此，雪崩风险管理人员越来越多地采用组织缓解措施，例如预警系统和关闭政策。但是，这些措施的有效性在很大程度上取决于人类的决定。在本文中，我们从交通路线的降低风险影响和对社会的净收益方面提出了一种优化交通路线的雪崩缓解方法。首先，我们引入一个通用框架来评估雪崩风险和量化缓解影响。这样就可以在其他缓解策略之间进行合理的成本效益比较。其次，我们通过瑞士的案例研究来说明该框架。我们的发现表明，雪崩路径的特定于站点的特征以及交通路线的经济重要性，对于选择最佳缓解策略具有决定性作用。在很少发生雪崩路径且经常发生雪崩的路线所威胁的路线上，结构性措施是最有效的，而依靠组织缓解通常是在发生不频繁或模糊的雪崩风险的路线所造成的路线上最合适的策略。最后，保持交通路线畅通对于旅游业或运输业可能非常重要。因此，当地经济价值可能会促进混合策略的使用，该策略结合了组织和结构措施以优化雪崩风险缓解的资源分配。

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