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Regulatory False Positives: True, False, or Uncertain?

机译:法规误报:对,错还是不确定?

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摘要

Hansen et al. (2007) recently assessed the historical performance of the precautionary principle in 88 specific cases, concluding that "applying our definition of a regulatory false positive, we were able to identify only four cases that fit the definition of a false positive." Empirically evaluating how prone the precautionary principle is to classify nonproblems as problems ("false positives") is an excellent idea. Yet, Hansen et al.'s implementation of this idea applies a diverse set of questionable criteria to label many highly uncertain risks as "real" even when no real or potential harm has actually been demonstrated. Examples include treating each of the following as reasons to categorize risks as "real": considering that a company's actions contaminated its own product; lack of a known exposure threshold for health effects; occurrence of a threat; treating deliberately conservative (upper-bound) regulatory assumptions as if they were true values; treating assumed exposures of children to contaminated soils (by ingestion) as evidence that feared dioxin risks are real; and treating claimed (sometimes ambiguous) epidemiological associations as if they were known to be true causal relations. Such criteria can classify even nonexistent and unknown risks as "real," providing an alternative possible explanation for why the authors failed to find more false positives, even if they exist.
机译:汉森等。 (2007年)最近评估了预防原则在88个具体案例中的历史表现,得出结论:“应用我们对监管误报的定义,我们仅能识别出四个符合误报定义的案例。”从经验上评估预防原则将非问题归类为问题(“误报”)的可能性是一个好主意。然而,汉森(Hansen)等人对这一想法的实施应用了一系列可疑的标准,以将许多高度不确定的风险标记为“真实”,即使实际上并没有证明存在真实或潜在的危害。例如,将以下各项视为将风险归类为“真实”的原因:考虑公司的行为污染了其自身产品;缺乏已知的健康影响暴露阈值;威胁的发生;将故意保守的(上限)监管假设视为真实值;将假定的儿童(经摄入)暴露在污染土壤中的暴露作为证据,证明担心的二恶英风险是真实的;并处理声称的(有时是模棱两可的)流行病学关联,就好像它们被认为是真正的因果关系一样。这样的标准甚至可以将不存在和未知的风险归类为“真实”,从而为作者为什么找不到更多误报(即使存在)提供了另一种可能的解释。

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