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Redundancy in Designs

机译：设计中的冗余

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The author contends that a previous Risk Analysis article overemphasized the pitfalls of incorporating redundancy into designs. Relevant aspects of that article are reviewed and commented upon, then the potentials and pitfalls of redundancy in systems and procedures are more broadly discussed. To provide a solid foundation for that discussion, some definitions for systems risk analysis terminology are presented. It is shown that pairs and larger sets of related failures (the physical causes of shortfalls in redundancy effectiveness) can be divided into two types: (1) cascading/induced failures and (2) common-external-cause failures. Each type has its own physical characteristics and implications for mathematical modeling. Service experience with large-commercial-airplane jet-engine propulsion systems is used to illustrate the two types of related failures. Finally, an overview is provided of event-sequence analysis, an alternative approach to systems risk analysis. When the possibility of related failures of mutually-redundant system elements must be accounted for, event-sequence analysis can usually do that better than fault-tree analysis.
机译：作者认为，先前的风险分析文章过分强调了将冗余整合到设计中的陷阱。对该文章的相关方面进行了回顾和评论，然后对系统和过程中冗余的潜力和陷阱进行了更广泛的讨论。为了为该讨论提供坚实的基础，提出了一些系统风险分析术语的定义。结果表明，成对的和更多的相关故障（冗余有效性不足的物理原因）可以分为两种类型：（1）级联/诱发故障和（2）共同外部原因故障。每种类型都有其自身的物理特征和对数学建模的影响。大型商业飞机喷气发动机推进系统的服务经验被用来说明两种类型的相关故障。最后，概述了事件顺序分析，这是系统风险分析的另一种方法。当必须考虑相互冗余的系统元素相关故障的可能性时，事件顺序分析通常比故障树分析更好。

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