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Two Types of Vigilance Are Essential to Effective Hazard Management: Maintaining Both Together Is Difficult

机译：两种类型的警戒对于有效的危害管理至关重要：很难将两者保持在一起

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摘要

Flexibility and adaptability are key capabilities for coping with persistent and pervasive uncertainties. The systematic organization of these capabilities is often called adaptive management; it is key to effective hazard management and important in risk governance. Vigilance is a requirement for effective adaptation. However, two distinct types of vigilance are necessary. Type 1 vigilance directly supports adaptive management. It is vigilance when you know what you are looking for: warning signals, filling gaps in knowledge, making sure that systems are working, etc. Vigilance of another sort, type 2 vigilance, is needed to address the surprises and institutional failures that are not part of orderly adaptive planning. Type 2 vigilance is vigilance when you don't know what to look for: observing and reflecting on confusing signals, anomalies, unacknowledged responsibilities, and surprises. The two types of vigilance require different institutional capabilities, and hence may work against each other in practice. Type 1 vigilance requires focus and a strong, knowledge-based organizing framework. Type 2 vigilance, in contrast, requires defocusing and a questioning approach to both observations and concepts. This dilemma, coupled with demands for flexibility, is a severe challenge for organizations. There are a variety of actions and arrangements at various levels of societal organization that could maintain and enhance vigilance in managing hazards. Necessary, however, is the societal and institutional recognition that vigilance of more than one type is an essential part of hazard management and the commitment to follow through. Maintaining vigilance requires effort and must be an ongoing process.
机译：灵活性和适应性是应对持续存在和普遍存在的不确定性的关键能力。这些功能的系统组织通常称为自适应管理。这是有效的危害管理的关键，在风险治理中也很重要。保持警惕是有效适应的必要条件。但是，有两种不同的警惕性是必要的。 1型警惕性直接支持自适应管理。当您知道所要查找的内容时，它就会保持警惕：警告信号，填补知识空白，确保系统正常运行等。还需要另一类警惕（类型2警惕）来解决意外事件和机构失败所带来的后果。有序自适应计划的一部分。当您不知道要寻找什么时，第2类警惕就是警惕：观察并思考令人困惑的信号，异常，未确认的责任和意外。两种类型的警惕性需要不同的机构能力，因此在实践中可能会相互抵触。第一类警惕性需要重点和强大的，基于知识的组织框架。相比之下，第2类警惕性要求散焦和对观察和概念都提出质疑的方法。这种困境，加上对灵活性的要求，对组织来说是严峻的挑战。在社会组织的各个级别上，可以采取各种行动和安排来维持和提高对危害管理的警惕。但是，社会和机构必须认识到，不只一种警惕是危害管理和后续行动的重要组成部分。保持警惕需要付出努力，并且必须是一个持续的过程。

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