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首页> 外文期刊>Russian journal of marine biology >Marine mammals in macro-ecosystems of the Far Eastern seas and adjacent waters of the North Pacific
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Marine mammals in macro-ecosystems of the Far Eastern seas and adjacent waters of the North Pacific

机译：远东海洋和北太平洋邻近水域的宏观生态系统中的海洋哺乳动物

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This article considers the role of marine mammals in a sea or ocean ecosystem based on the example of the Far Eastern seas with adjacent waters of the North Pacific, which is one of the regions of the World Ocean that is distinguished by its high biological and fish capacity and by a high abundance of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Based on extensive data, which was published mostly by Russian experts, the authors have estimated the quantities of annual consumption of fish and invertebrates by marine mammals in three Far Eastern seas: 14.6-18.2 million tons in the early 20th century; 12.3-15.1 million tons in the late 1970s; 22.7-28.8 million tons in the pre-harvest period; and 24.0-24.7 million tons in the early 21st century (27.0-29.5 million tons, if 3-5 million tons in ocean waters off the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka are taken into account). More than half of this quantity is formed by zooplankton and zoobenthos; the second largest portion consists of fish and squid. At the same time, the values of food consumption by fish and large invertebrates are much higher than these estimates for the 0-1000 m layer: 516 million tons were consumed in the 1980s-1990s; 389 million tons in 1991-1995; and 461 million tons in 1996-2005. In the years of high abundance, large walleye pollock alone consumed nearly 40 million tons of small fish and squid. Based on the data of 35-year-long ecosystem studies that were conducted by the Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO Center), the following biomass estimates have been obtained for the biota of the Far Eastern Economic Zone of Russia: mesoand macroplankton, 1000 million tons; zoobenthos, 500 million tons; nekton, 100 million tons; benthic fish, 5 million tons; and large benthic invertebrates that are not included in the benthos, 2.43 million tons. By using these estimates and by comparing the quantities of food consumption by marine mammals, the conclusion was made that the role of marine mammals in food webs of waters of the Russian Far East is remarkable, but it does not reach a level that is high enough to regulate such a large-scale ecosystem as the macro-ecosystem of a sea or ocean.
机译：本文以远东海与北太平洋相邻水域为例，研究海洋哺乳动物在海洋或海洋生态系统中的作用，北太平洋是世界海洋中以其高生物和鱼类而著称的地区之一以及大量的鲸类和and类动物。根据主要由俄罗斯专家发表的大量数据，作者估计了三个远东海域海洋哺乳动物每年消耗的鱼类和无脊椎动物的数量：20世纪初为1468.182万吨； 1970年代后期的123-1510万吨；收获前期为22.7-2880万吨； 21世纪初为24.0-2470万吨（如果考虑到千岛群岛和堪察加半岛以外的3-5百万吨海水，则为27.0-2950万吨）。其中一半以上是浮游动物和底栖动物形成的；第二大部分是鱼和鱿鱼。同时，鱼类和大型无脊椎动物的食物消费价值远高于0-1000 m层的估计值：1980年代至1990年代消费了5.16亿吨； 1991-1995年为3.89亿吨； 1996-2005年为4.61亿吨。在高丰度的岁月中，仅大眼角鲷就消耗了近4000万吨小鱼和鱿鱼。根据太平洋研究渔业中心（TINRO中心）进行的长达35年的生态系统研究的数据，获得了俄罗斯远东经济区生物群的以下生物量估计：中尺度和大浮游生物，10亿吨底栖动物5亿吨； nekton，1亿吨；底栖鱼类500万吨；底栖动物不包括的大型底栖无脊椎动物243万吨。通过使用这些估计值并比较海洋哺乳动物的食物消耗量，得出的结论是，海洋哺乳动物在俄罗斯远东水域食物网中的作用是显着的，但还没有达到足够高的水平。来规范诸如海洋的宏观生态系统之类的大规模生态系统。

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