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What Values in Design? The Challenge of Incorporating Moral Values into Design

机译：设计有什么价值？将道德价值观纳入设计的挑战

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摘要

Recently, there is increased attention to the integration of moral values into the conception, design, and development of emerging IT. The most reviewed approach for this purpose in ethics and technology so far is Value-Sensitive Design (VSD). This article considers VSD as the prime candidate for implementing normative considerations into design. Its methodology is considered from a conceptual, analytical, normative perspective. The focus here is on the suitability of VSD for integrating moral values into the design of technologies in a way that joins in with an analytical perspective on ethics of technology. Despite its promising character, it turns out that VSD falls short in several respects: (1) VSD does not have a clear methodology for identifying stakeholders, (2) the integration of empirical methods with conceptual research within the methodology of VSD is obscure, (3) VSD runs the risk of committing the naturalistic fallacy when using empirical knowledge for implementing values in design, (4) the concept of values, as well as their realization, is left undetermined and (5) VSD lacks a complimentary or explicit ethical theory for dealing with value trade-offs. For the normative evaluation of a technology, I claim that an explicit and justified ethical starting point or principle is required. Moreover, explicit attention should be given to the value aims and assumptions of a particular design. The criteria of adequacy for such an approach or methodology follow from the evaluation of VSD as the prime candidate for implementing moral values in design.
机译：最近，人们越来越重视将道德价值观整合到新兴IT的概念，设计和开发中。迄今为止，在道德和技术上为此目的进行的审查最多的方法是价值敏感设计（VSD）。本文认为VSD是在设计中实施规范性考虑的主要候选对象。从概念，分析和规范的角度考虑其方法。这里的重点是VSD是否适合将道德价值观整合到技术设计中，并结合对技术伦理的分析观点。尽管它具有令人鼓舞的特性，但事实证明，VSD在几个方面都存在不足：（1）VSD没有清晰的方法来识别利益相关者，（2）在VSD方法论中将经验方法与概念研究相结合是模糊的，（ 3）当使用经验知识在设计中实现价值时，VSD冒犯自然主义谬误的风险；（4）尚未确定价值的概念及其实现；（5）VSD缺乏互补的或明确的伦理理论处理价值权衡。为了对技术进行规范性评估，我声称需要明确而合理的道德起点或原则。此外，应明确注意特定设计的价值目标和假设。这种方法或方法的适当性标准来自对VSD的评估，VSD是在设计中实施道德价值观的主要候选者。

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