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As of the end of 2013, Russia had the largest number of highly enriched uranium fueled research reactors of any country, with 59 steady state and pulsed reactors, and critical and sub-critical assemblies. In most cases, the fuel is weapon-grade highly enriched uranium (HEU), enriched to 90 percent uranium-235. Anatoli Diakov's article "Prospects for Conversion of HEU-Fueled Research Reactors in Russia" reviews the prospects for the conversion to non-weapon-usable low-enriched uranium fuel of Russian 17 civilian steady state research reactors fueled by HEU, which together contained over 500 kg of HEU. In December 2010, Russia and the United States agreed to conduct a preliminary study on the possibility of converting six Russian research reactors. The conversion of these six particular reactors will not, however, significantly reduce the annual consumption of HEU in Russia's civilian research reactor fleet. The article suggests that the lack of priority given to reactor conversion is in part a result of the fact that 14 of the 17 HEU-fueled research reactors have been operating for more than 30 years and many are not in use for a large fraction of the available time. Converting some of these reactors is not seen as worth the costs of development, testing and purchase of replacement low-enriched fuel. For some reactors, their high neutron flux density and unique experimental capabilities, e.g., for development of fast reactor fuels, is seen as irreplaceable by low-enriched fuel or computer simulations. Conversion of such reactors is seen as potentially taking a long time and as being costly, thus delaying other programs and being a financial drain on research reactor operators.
机译:截至2013年底,俄罗斯拥有世界上数量最多的高浓缩铀燃料研究堆,其中有59座稳态和脉冲反应堆以及关键和次临界组件。在大多数情况下,这种燃料是武器级的高浓缩铀(HEU),浓缩后的铀235含量达到90%。阿纳托利·迪亚科夫(Anatoli Diakov)的文章“俄罗斯高浓铀燃料研究反应堆的转化前景”回顾了由高浓铀供能的俄罗斯17个民用稳态研究反应堆向非武器使用的低浓铀燃料转化的前景,这些反应堆共包含500多个千克HEU。 2010年12月,俄罗斯和美国同意对转换六个俄罗斯研究堆的可能性进行初步研究。但是,这六个特定反应堆的转换不会显着减少俄罗斯民用研究反应堆舰队的HEU年度消耗。该文章认为,对反应堆的转换没有给予优先考虑的部分原因是,在17个使用高浓铀的研究堆中,有14个已经运行了30多年,而许多反应堆并未使用有空时间。不认为将其中一些反应堆进行转化值得开发,测试和购买低浓燃料替代品。对于某些反应堆,低浓燃料或计算机模拟认为它们的高中子通量密度和独特的实验能力(例如用于开发快速反应堆燃料)是不可替代的。这类反应堆的转换被认为可能花费很长时间,而且成本很高,因此延迟了其他计划,并且是研究堆操作员的财务上的浪费。

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    《Science & global security》 |2014年第3期|163-165|共3页
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