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How Does One 'Open' Science? Questions of Value in Biological Research

机译：如何“开放”科学？生物研究中的价值问题

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摘要

Open Science policies encourage researchers to disclose a wide range of outputs from their work, thus codifying openness as a specific set of research practices and guidelines that can be interpreted and applied consistently across disciplines and geographical settings. In this paper, we argue that this "one-size-fits-all" view of openness sidesteps key questions about the forms, implications, and goals of openness for research practice. We propose instead to interpret openness as a dynamic and highly situated mode of valuing the research process and its outputs, which encompasses economic as well as scientific, cultural, political, ethical, and social considerations. This interpretation creates a critical space for moving beyond the economic definitions of value embedded in the contemporary bios-ciences landscape and Open Science policies, and examining the diversity of interests and commitments that affect research practices in the life sciences. To illustrate these claims, we use three case studies that highlight the challenges surrounding decisions about how-and how best-to make things open. These cases, drawn from ethnographic engagement with Open Science debates and semistructured interviews carried out with UK-based biologists and bioinformaticians between 2013 and 2014, show how the enactment of openness reveals judgments about what constitutes a legitimate intellectual contribution, for whom, and with what implications.
机译：开放科学政策鼓励研究人员披露其工作范围广泛的产出，从而将开放性编纂为一套特定的研究实践和指南，可以在各个学科和地理环境之间进行一致地解释和应用。在本文中，我们认为，这种“一刀切”的开放性观回避了有关开放性的形式，含义和研究实践目标的关键问题。相反，我们建议将开放性解释为评估研究过程及其输出的动态且高度定位的模式，其中包括经济以及科学，文化，政治，道德和社会方面的考虑。这种解释为超越现代生物科学景观和开放科学政策所蕴含的价值的经济定义，以及研究影响生命科学研究实践的利益和承诺的多样性创造了关键空间。为了说明这些主张，我们使用三个案例研究来突出围绕如何以及如何以最佳方式使事物开放的决策所面临的挑战。这些案例来自民族志研究与开放科学辩论以及2013年至2014年期间与英国生物学家和生物信息学家进行的半结构化访谈，显示出开放的制定如何揭示对构成合法知识贡献，对谁以及对谁的合法性的判断。含义。

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