Experiments in Context and Contexting

Kristin Asdal; Ingunn Moser

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Experiments in Context and Contexting

机译：上下文和上下文环境中的实验

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What is context and how to deal with it? The context issue has been a key concern in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This is linked to the understanding that science is culture. But how? The irreductionist program from the early eighties sought to solve the problem by doing away with context altogether—for the benefit of worlds in the making. This special issue takes its points of departure in this irreductionist program, its source of inspirations, as well as its reworkings. The aim is not to solve the context problem but rather to experiment with context and what we label contexting.

机译：什么是上下文，如何处理？上下文问题一直是科学技术研究（STS）的主要关注点。这与科学是文化的理解有关。但是如何？从八十年代初期开始的简化派纲领试图通过完全消除背景来解决问题，以造福于世界。本期特刊以其在这种非还原论纲领中的出发点，灵感来源以及重制而成。目的不是解决上下文问题，而是尝试使用上下文以及我们标记上下文的内容。

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《Science, Technology and Human Values》 |2012年第4期|p.291-306|共16页
作者
Kristin Asdal; Ingunn Moser;
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作者单位

University of Oslo, Norway University of Oslo, Pb. 1108 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway;

Diakonhjemmet University College, Oslo, Norway;

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原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类
关键词
academic disciplines and traditions; archiving and collecting practices; engagement; intervention; other;

机译：学术学科和传统;存档和收集做法;订婚;介入;其他;

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1. Is it Possible to Experiment with Thought? Ernst Mach's Notion of Thought Experiment and its Pedagogical Context around 1900 [J] . Bauer Julian Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte . 2015,第1期

机译：可以尝试思想吗？恩斯特·马赫（Ernst Mach）的思想实验观念及其在1900年左右的教学语境
2. Exploring whether behavior in context-free experiments is predictive of behavior in the field: Evidence from lab and field experiments in rural Sierra Leone [J] . Maarten Voors, Ty Turley, Andreas Kontoleon, Economics letters . 2012,第3期

机译：探索无背景实验中的行为是否可预测野外行为：塞拉利昂农村地区的实验室和野外实验证据
3. Social Media Context Collapse: The Consequential Differences Between Context Collusion Versus Context Collision [J] . Jennifer (M.I) Loh, Michael James Walsh Social Media + Society . 2021,第3期

机译：社交媒体上下文崩溃：上下文勾结与上下文冲突之间的改变差异
4. Enhancing Alignment Based Context Prediction by Using Multiple Context Sources: Experiment and Analysis [C] . Immanuel Konig, Christian Voigtmann, Bernd Niklas Klein, Modeling and using context . 2011

机译：使用多个上下文源增强基于对齐的上下文预测：实验和分析
5. The state of context modeling today: Could a standard context model improve context-aware application development? [D] . Nowicki, LeAnn L. 2008

机译：当今上下文建模的状态：标准上下文模型可以改善上下文感知的应用程序开发吗？
6. How to deal with context? A context-mapping tool for quality and safety in nursing homes and homecare (SAFE-LEAD Context) [O] . Siri Wiig, Karina Aase, Terese Johannessen, 2019

机译：如何处理上下文？养老院和家庭护理中质量和安全性的上下文映射工具（SAFE-LEAD上下文）
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

Experiments in Context and Contexting

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