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首页> 外文期刊>The Science of the Total Environment >Comparative environmental impact assessment of herbicides used on genetically modified and non-genetically modified herbicide-tolerant canola crops using two risk indicators
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Comparative environmental impact assessment of herbicides used on genetically modified and non-genetically modified herbicide-tolerant canola crops using two risk indicators

机译：使用两个风险指标对转基因和非转基因耐除草剂油菜作物上使用的除草剂进行比较环境影响评估

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摘要

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is the third largest field crop in Australia by area sown. Genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola varieties released or being developed in Australia include Clearfield® (imidazolinone tolerant), TT (triazine tolerant), InVigor® (glufosinate-ammonium tolerant), Roundup Ready® - RR® (glyphosate tolerant) and Hyola® RT® (tolerant to both glyphosate and triazine). We used two risk assessment approaches - the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) and the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) - to compare the environmental risks associated with herbicides used in the canola varieties (GM and non-GM) that are currently grown or may be grown in the future. Risk assessments found that from an environmental impact viewpoint a number of herbicides used in the production of TT canola showed high relative risk in terms of mobility and ecotoxicity of herbicides. The EIQ field use rating values for atrazine and simazine in particular were high compared with those for glyphosate and trifluralin. Imazapic and imazapyr, which are only used in Clearfield® canola, had extremely low EIQ.field use rating values, likely reflecting the very low application rates used for these chemicals (0.02 to 0.04 kg/ha) compared with those used for atrazine and simazine (1.2 to 1.5 kg/ha). The PIRI assessment showed that irrespective of the canola variety grown, trifluralin posed a high toxicity risk to fish (Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), algae and Daphnia sp. While the replacement of trifluralin with propyzamide had little effect on the mobility score, it greatly decreased the ecotoxicity score to fish, algae and Daphnia sp. due to the lower LC50 values for propyzamide compared with trifluralin. This study has shown that based on likelihood of off-site transport of herbicides in surface water and potential toxicity to non-target organisms, the GM canola varieties have no advantage over non-herbicide tolerant (non HT) or Clearfield® canola.
机译：双低油菜籽（Brassica napus L.）按播种面积计是澳大利亚第三大农作物。在澳大利亚发行或正在开发的转基因（GM）和非转基因油菜品种包括：Clearfield®（耐咪唑啉酮），TT（耐三嗪），InVigor®（耐草铵膦），RoundupReady®-RR®（耐草甘膦）和Hyola®RT®（耐草甘膦和三嗪）。我们使用了两种风险评估方法-环境影响商（EIQ）和农药影响评价指数（PIRI）-比较与目前或将来可能种植的双低油菜籽品种（转基因和非转基因）中使用的除草剂相关的环境风险。在未来成长。风险评估发现，从环境影响的角度来看，生产TT双低油菜籽中使用的许多除草剂在除草剂的流动性和生态毒性方面显示出较高的相对风险。与草甘膦和三氟拉林相比，阿特拉津和西玛津的EIQ现场使用评级值特别高。仅在Clearfield®双低油菜籽中使用的Imazapic和imazapyr的EIQ极低。现场使用的额定值，可能反映了与at去津和simazine相比，这些化学品的使用率非常低（0.02至0.04 kg / ha） （1.2至1.5公斤/公顷）。 PIRI评估显示，不管所种植的低芥酸菜籽品种是什么，三氟拉林对鱼类（虹鳟鱼，褐藻），藻类和水蚤都有很高的毒性风险。虽然用丙酰胺替代三氟拉林对迁移率的影响很小，但它大大降低了对鱼类，藻类和水蚤的生态毒性。由于丙酰胺比三氟拉林的LC50值低。这项研究表明，基于除草剂在地表水中异地运输的可能性以及对非目标生物的潜在毒性，转基因油菜品种比耐非除草剂（非HT）或Clearfield®油菜没有优势。

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