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Numerical simulation of coastal erosion and its mitigation by living shoreline methods: A case study in southern Rhode Island

机译：沿岸侵蚀的数值模拟及其通过活动海岸线的缓解方法：以罗德岛南部为例

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Accelerated shoreline retreat due to sea level rise is a major challenge for coastal communities in many regions of the U.S. and around the world. While many methods of erosion mitigation have been empirically tested, and applied in various regions, more research is necessary to understand the performance of these mitigation measures using process-based numerical models. These models can potentially predict the response of a beach to these measures and help identify the best method. Further, because nearshore sediment transport processes are still poorly understood, there are many uncertainties in assessment of coastal erosion and mitigation measures. Hence, there is a need to better assess the capabilities and shortcomings of numerical models as a way to improve them. In this work, a suite of numerical models was used to assess coastal erosion and the performance of a number of recommended solutions, along a section of coast in southern Rhode Island, US, which represents a typical coastal barrier system. The coupled modeling system SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore), a third-generation wave model, and ADCIRC (ADvanced CIRCulation Model), a two-dimensional depth integrated circulation model, was applied over a regional grid encompassing northeastern U.S. to compute offshore sea levels and wave conditions for specified storm scenarios, both historical and synthetic. The coastal wave-circulation and morphodynamic model XBeach was then nested within this regional grid to simulate nearshore sediment transport processes and shoreline erosion. After validating the regional modeling system for a historical storm (Hurricane Sandy), Hurricane Irene (2011) was used to validate XBeach, on the basis of a unique dataset of pre- and post-storm beach profiles that was collected in our study area for this event. XBeach showed a relatively good performance, being able to estimate eroded volumes along three beach transects within 8% to 39%, with a mean error of 23%. The validated model was then used to analyze the effectiveness of three living shoreline erosion mitigation methods that were recommended in a recent study of coastal erosion in New England: beach nourishment, coastal bank (engineered core), and submerged breakwater. Further, the effect of an artificial surfing reef on sediment transport was also investigated. Conceptual designs were implemented in the model and the eroded volume were computed, with and without the presence of these solutions. Using two synthetic storms, it was shown that erosion mitigation methods that focus on reinforcing the beach face and dunes are more effective than those that reduce wave action. While this study showed how models such as XBeach can help examine the technical performance of erosion mitigation measures, more detailed assessments including cost-benefit analyses are necessary at the decision-making level.
机译：由于海平面上升，加速海岸线退缩是美国许多地区以及世界各地沿海社区面临的主要挑战。尽管许多减缓侵蚀的方法已经过经验测试，并已应用于各个地区，但仍需要进行更多的研究，才能使用基于过程的数值模型来理解这些减缓措施的性能。这些模型可以潜在地预测海滩对这些措施的响应，并有助于确定最佳方法。此外，由于对近岸沉积物运输过程的了解仍然很少，因此在评估海岸侵蚀和缓解措施方面存在许多不确定性。因此，有必要更好地评估数值模型的功能和不足，以作为改进它们的一种方法。在这项工作中，使用了一组数值模型来评估沿美国南部罗德岛南部沿海地区的海岸侵蚀和许多建议的解决方案的性能，这代表了典型的海岸屏障系统。第三代波浪模型SWAN（近海模拟波浪）和二维深度综合环流模型ADCIRC（先进的CIRCulation模型）耦合建模系统应用于围绕美国东北部的区域网格，以计算近海海平面和特定风暴情景的波浪条件，包括历史的和合成的。然后将沿海波环流和形态动力学模型XBeach嵌套在该区域网格内，以模拟近岸沉积物的输送过程和海岸线侵蚀。在验证了历史风暴的区域建模系统（飓风桑迪）之后，飓风艾琳（2011）被用于验证XBeach，这是基于在我们研究区域收集的风暴前和风暴后海滩概况的唯一数据集。这个事件。 XBeach表现出相对较好的性能，能够估计8％至39％范围内三个海滩断面的侵蚀量，平均误差为23％。经过验证的模型随后用于分析新英格兰海岸侵蚀的最新研究中推荐的三种缓解海岸线侵蚀的方法的有效性：海滩养料，海岸堤岸（工程核心）和水下防波堤。此外，还研究了人工冲浪礁对沉积物迁移的影响。在有或没有这些解决方案的情况下，在模型中实施了概念设计并计算了侵蚀量。通过两次合成风暴，结果表明，以减轻海滩作用和沙丘为重点的减轻侵蚀的方法比减少波浪作用的方法更有效。尽管这项研究表明了诸如XBeach之类的模型如何能够帮助检查减缓侵蚀措施的技术性能，但在决策层仍需要进行更详细的评估，包括成本效益分析。

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