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A Virtual-Reality Training Simulator for Cochlear Implant Surgery

机译：用于人工耳蜗手术的虚拟现实训练模拟器

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Background and Objectives . Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions and can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Cochlear implantation (CI) is a widely applicable treatment for severe to profound hearing loss, however CI surgery can be difficult for surgical trainees to master. Training environments that are safe, controlled, and affordable are needed. To this end, we present a virtual-reality (VR) cochlear implant surgical simulator developed with a popular, commercial game engine. Method . Unity3D was used to develop the simulator and model the delicate instruments involved. High-resolution models of human cochleae were created from images obtained from synchrotron-radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI). The physical-realism of the simulator was assessed via a comparison with fluoroscopic images of an actual cochlear implant insertion. Different resolutions of cochlear models were used to benchmark the real-time capabilities of the simulator with the number of frames per second (FPS) serving as the performance metric. Results . Quantitative analysis comparing the simulated procedure to fluoroscopic imaging revealed no significant differences. Qualitatively, the behaviour of the inserted and simulated implants were similar throughout the entirety of the procedure. The simulator was able to maintain 25 FPS even when experiencing an artificially high computational load. Conclusion . VR simulators provide a new and exciting avenue to enhance current medical education. Continued use of widely available and supported game engines in the development of medical simulators will hopefully result in lowered costs. Preliminary feedback from expert surgeons of the simulator presented here has been positive and future work will focus on evaluating face, content and construct validity.
机译：背景和目的。听力损失是最普遍的慢性疾病之一，可能会严重影响个人的生活质量。耳蜗植入（CI）是一种适用于重度至重度听力损失的广泛治疗方法，但是CI手术可能很难让外科手术学员熟练掌握。需要安全，受控和负担得起的培训环境。为此，我们介绍了一种虚拟现实（VR）人工耳蜗植入手术模拟器，该模拟器是使用流行的商业游戏引擎开发的。方法 。 Unity3D用于开发模拟器并为涉及的精密仪器建模。从同步辐射相衬成像（SR-PCI）获得的图像中创建了人类耳蜗的高分辨率模型。通过与实际的人工耳蜗植入物的透视图像进行比较，评估模拟器的物理真实性。耳蜗模型的不同分辨率用于以每秒帧数（FPS）作为性能指标来对模拟器的实时功能进行基准测试。结果。定量分析将模拟程序与荧光透视成像进行比较，发现没有显着差异。定性地，在整个过程中，插入和模拟植入物的行为是相似的。即使遇到人为的高计算负荷，该模拟器也能够维持25 FPS。结论。 VR模拟器为增强当前的医学教育提供了令人兴奋的新途径。在医疗模拟器的开发中继续使用广泛可用和受支持的游戏引擎将有望降低成本。此处介绍的模拟器专家外科医生的初步反馈是积极的，未来的工作将集中在评估面部，内容和结构有效性上。

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