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On the Provision of Frequency Regulation in Low Inertia AC Grids Using HVDC Systems

机译：使用HVDC系统在低惯量交流电网中提供频率调节

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摘要

This paper proposes an improved model of a high voltage dc (HVDC) link capable of providing frequency support to networks with no inertia or near-zero inertia; for instance, ac grids with small synchronous generators. The model is useful to carry out steady-state and dynamic simulations of ac grids described by their positive-sequence representation using phasorial information. The core of the frequency control scheme put forward in this paper uses the angular aperture that exists between the internal phase-shifting angle of the voltage source converter (VSC)-HVDC rectifier and the voltage angle at its ac terminal. This is amenable to power flow regulation in the dc link and, hence, to frequency control in the low-inertia grid. A feature of this model is that the developed VSC-HVDC link model may also be used to feed an island system; for instance, a system with dead load, where the inverter station provides the electrical angular reference. Hence, the inverter acts as a virtual synchronous generator with frequency regulation capabilities as seen from the low-inertia ac grid. The dynamic control scheme that enables the VSC-HVDC to provide frequency control in such operating environments has been comprehensively investigated under a wide range of credible scenarios. Overall, the dynamic system of equations describing the VSC-HVDC and the synchronous generators are discretized using the trapezoidal rule, and the ensuing equations are combined together with the algebraic equations of the ac and dc grids in a linearized reference frame amenable to iterative solutions using the Newton-Raphson method.
机译：本文提出了一种改进的高压直流（HVDC）链路模型，该模型能够为无惯性或接近零惯性的网络提供频率支持。例如，带有小型同步发电机的交流电网。该模型对于执行交流电网的稳态和动态仿真非常有用，该仿真由相量信息以正序表示来描述。本文提出的频率控制方案的核心是使用角孔，该孔位于电压源转换器（VSC）-HVDC整流器的内部相移角与其交流端子的电压角之间。这适用于直流链路中的功率流调节，因此适用于低惯量电网中的频率控制。该模型的一个特点是，已开发的VSC-HVDC链路模型也可以用于为孤岛系统供电。例如，具有恒载的系统，其中逆变器站提供电角度参考。因此，从低惯量交流电网来看，逆变器充当具有频率调节功能的虚拟同步发电机。在广泛的可信场景下，已经全面研究了使VSC-HVDC在此类操作环境中提供频率控制的动态控制方案。总体而言，使用梯形法则离散化描述VSC-HVDC的动态方程组和同步发电机，并将随后的方程式与ac和dc网格的代数方程式组合在一起，并在一个线性参考系中使用迭代解决方案牛顿-拉夫森法。

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