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Distribution Grid Impacts of Smart Electric Vehicle Charging From Different Perspectives

机译：不同角度对智能电动汽车充电的配电网影响

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摘要

As a consequence of the developments in electric transportation and the evolution toward smart grids, large-scale deployment of smart charging strategies for electric vehicles (EVs) becomes feasible. This leads to opportunities for different market parties to use the flexibility of EVs for various objectives that may be conflicting and result in a nonoptimal shifting of peak demands for the distribution grids. In this paper, we assess the financial impact of various EV charging strategies on distribution grids. We compare a strategy that minimizes network peak loads (from a network operators perspective) with a strategy to minimize charging costs (from the perspective of a commercial party). In a scenario with a high wind penetration in the system, the electricity prices are, for a significant part, determined by the instantaneous wind production. Therefore, we additionally study the effect of wind energy on electricity prices and, consequently, on the resulting EV load and network impacts. We obtain the network costs by calculating the impacts expressed in the net present value (NPV) of the investments costs and energy losses. We found that, in the case where EVs are basing their charge schedules on electricity prices, the increase in NPV compared with a no EV scenario was found to be 25% higher than in the case where the extra peak load due to EVs was minimized. The large difference in network impacts between the price based and network based charging strategies was only observed in the case with a high wind penetration. The results strongly suggest that the situation where EVs are controlled with a strategy to minimize charging costs that does not take the distribution grids into account may not lead to an optimal situation when the entire electricity delivery system is regarded.
机译：由于电力运输的发展和向智能电网的发展，电动汽车（EV）的智能充电策略的大规模部署变得可行。这导致不同的市场参与者有机会将电动汽车的灵活性用于可能相互冲突的各种目标，并导致配电网高峰需求的非最优转移。在本文中，我们评估了各种电动汽车充电策略对配电网的财务影响。我们将最小化网络峰值负载的策略（从网络运营商的角度）与最小化计费成本的策略（从商业方的角度）进行了比较。在系统中风渗透较高的情况下，电价在很大程度上取决于瞬时风的产生。因此，我们还研究了风能对电价的影响，并因此研究了由此产生的电动汽车负载和电网影响。我们通过计算以投资成本和能源损失的净现值（NPV）表示的影响来获得网络成本。我们发现，在电动汽车将其充电时间表基于电价的情况下，发现与无电动汽车相比，NPV的增加要比电动汽车带来的额外峰值负荷最小化的情况下高25％。仅在风速较高的情况下，才能观察到基于价格的定价策略与基于网络的计费策略在网络影响方面的巨大差异。结果强烈表明，在不考虑整个配电系统的情况下，采用不考虑配电网的最小化充电成本的策略来控制电动汽车的情况可能不会导致最佳情况。

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