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Freedom and the Dynamics of the Self and the ‘Other’; Re-constructing the Debate Between Tagore and Gandhi

机译：自由和自我与“他人”的动力；重建泰戈尔和甘地之间的辩论

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摘要

Tagore and Gandhi shared a relationship across 26 years. They argued about many things including the means for the attainment of swaraj/freedom. In terms of this central concern with the nature of freedom they came fairly close to an issue that has perhaps dominated the (European) Enlightenment. For the Enlightenment has sought to clarify what is meant by individual freedom and attempted to secure such freedom to the individual. This article argues that the Tagore-Gandhi debate can perhaps be reconstructed around the issue of freedom and the collective. Gandhi was able to employ the idea of collective action with conceptual and practical ease. He seemed to have felt no tension between individual freedom and the notion of the collective of which an individual becomes a part in his/her attempt to deal with the contending ‘other’ and secure his /her freedom/swaraj. To understand Tagore’s opposition to the Gandhian idea of swaraj this article draws a philosophical parallel between Tagore and Kant on individual freedom as primarily the freedom to reason. Tagore’s argument seemed to have centered on the insight that the location of the individual in a collective hypostatized self in order to protect his or her freedom from ‘others’ reaffirms the self other divide. The insider-outsider exclusionary dynamics that are generated not only consolidate such distinctions as external to (and outside of) the collective self, but they also initiate internal dynamics that create the ‘silenced insider.’
机译：泰戈尔和甘地共享了长达26年的恋爱关系。他们争论了许多事情，包括实现沙瓦/自由的手段。在对自由本质的这种中心关注方面，他们相当接近一个可能主导了（欧洲）启蒙运动的问题。因为启蒙运动试图阐明个人自由的含义，并试图将这种自由赋予个人。本文认为，泰戈尔-甘地的辩论也许可以围绕自由和集体问题重新构建。甘地能够在概念上和实践上轻松运用集体行动的思想。他似乎没有感到个人自由与集体观念之间的张力，在参与对抗“他人”并确保他/她的自由/裁军的努力中，个人成为集体的一部分。为了理解泰戈尔对甘地人的“ swaraj”观念的反对，本文在泰戈尔和康德之间就个人自由主要是理性自由进行了哲学上的比较。泰戈尔的论点似乎集中在以下见解上：个体在集体低估的自我中所处的位置，是为了保护他或她免受“他人”的自由，重申了自我与他人之间的鸿沟。产生的内部人-外部人排斥动力不仅巩固了集体自我外部（和外部）的区别，而且还引发了内部动力，从而形成了“沉默的内部人”。

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