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Sartre’s Absent God

机译：萨特的缺席神

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Sartre’s memoir Words turns on his mid-life realisation that, although he had abandoned belief in God, he had hitherto based his work on a religious model. From this point God no longer appears as a primary reference in his writings. This is in sharp contrast with the pervasive presence of God in earlier works, especially in his ontology and related reflections on ethics. In ontology Sartre was particularly concerned with the Cartesian idea of the creator God as ens causa sui. Adapting this to his own system, he uses the idea of causa sui to mark the absolute (but non-substantial) existence of for-itself being (consciousness) as separate from the uncreated plenitude of in-itself being. He then argues that the idea of God as a consciousness that founds its own being is an impossible synthesis of the for-itself and the in-itself. The idea nonetheless remains fundamental for consciousness, for desire, which arises in response to lack, ultimately the lack of in-itself being, reflects an original choice that leads to constant striving towards the impossible goal of being God. This theme haunts the ontology from beginning to end. Sartre offers a system to rival Descartes or Leibniz, but adopts a quasi-religious framework of salvation in which, apart from the promise of a possible escape from ontological destiny, human beings are condemned to futility. In ethics he explores the idea of conversion from original choice to an authentic choice of freedom, but fails to break out of the closed framework set by the ontology.
机译：萨特（Sartre）的回忆录《话语》（Words）开启了他的中年意识，即尽管他放弃了对上帝的信仰，但他迄今仍以宗教模式为基础。从这一点上说，上帝不再是他著作中的主要参照。这与上帝在早期作品中普遍存在的情况形成了鲜明的对比，尤其是在他的本体论和有关伦理的相关反思中。萨特（Sartre）在本体论中特别关注笛卡尔的创造者上帝（ens causa sui）的思想。他将其适应于自己的系统，使用“因果竞合”的思想来将“存在”（意识）的绝对（但非实质性）存在与未创造的“存在”的存在区分开来。然后他辩称，上帝是一种意识，它发现了自己的存在，这是对自我和自我的不可能的综合。尽管如此，这个思想仍然是意识的基础，因为欲望的产生是由于缺乏，最终是缺乏自我存在而产生的，反映了一种原始选择，导致人们不断地朝着成为上帝的不可能目标努力。这个主题一直困扰着本体。萨特（Sartre）提供了与笛卡尔或莱布尼兹（Leibniz）竞争的制度，但采用了准宗教的救赎框架，在该框架中，除了可能逃脱本体论命运的承诺外，人类也被定为徒劳。在伦理学上，他探索了从原始选择到自由的真实选择的转换思想，但未能突破由本体论设定的封闭框架。

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