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首页> 外文期刊>Souls >Searching for Restorative Justice: The Trial of Edgar Ray Killen
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Searching for Restorative Justice: The Trial of Edgar Ray Killen

机译：寻找恢复性的正义：埃德加·雷·基伦的审判

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摘要

The brutal assassination of Medgar Evers, the Field Secretary of the NAACP in Jackson, Mississippi, on June 12, 1963, revealed to the entire nation the great difficulty of bringing multicultural democracy to the brutal Deep South. Several months after Evers's death, a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the Mississippi Delta, Charles Cobb, came up with an idea that might concentrate media and political attention on the state's mistreatment of Blacks. Cobb proposed that SNCC create a mass mobilization, “Mississippi Summer,” that would recruit about one thousand mostly white college students and volunteers into the state to assist in desegregation and voter registration organizing. A central task for these volunteers would be the construction and operation of “Freedom Schools,” that teach African-American history of the Black Freedom Movement, as well as mathematics, English, and other academic disciplines. Bob Moses, the director of SNCC's Mississippi Project, liked the proposal and when Northern students began to volunteer to do organizing in Mississippi during the spring 1964, many were informed that they should be prepared to teach. Others were to work on the ongoing voter registration efforts. Staughton Lynd, a young white historian who had taught at Spelman College in Atlanta, was hired to train college volunteers in Oxford, Ohio, at Miami University. Lynd personally traveled by automobile to nearly every “Freedom School,” to check on their development. From the beginning of June, 1964, SNCC organizers and the student volunteers learned that their efforts would come under severe attack by local white racists. In McComb, Mississippi, for example, a Freedom School that had been open for just two days was firebombed in the middle of the night. Yet despite the bombing, over one hundred Black children and young adults walked to the bombed-out school to attend Freedom School classes. Among the first group of summer volunteers who had come to Mississippi was Andrew Goodman. He joined Mickey Schwerner who had been in Mississippi since January 1964, working with his wife Rita, and local people including an African-American youth activist from Meridian, James Chaney on voter registration and community organizing out of a community center established in Meridian by COFO. When the three men disappeared on the night of June 21, 1964 in Neshoba County, civil rights activists feared the worst. Their fears were confirmed weeks later, when the FBI discovered their buried bodies after offering a $30,000 reward. Eventually, eight of the individuals connected with the Ku Klux Klan who were responsible for the murder of Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman were convicted of civil rights charges. By the end of Mississippi summer, 80 civil rights volunteers had been severely beaten, hundreds had been harassed and arrested, and thirty-seven African-American churches had been firebombed. But the summer mobilization set into motion the subsequent passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that extended the electoral franchise to millions of African Americans for the first time in nearly a century. Rita L. Bender, currently a partner in the legal firm of Skellenger Bender, based in Washington state, is the widow of Mickey Schwerner. In these remarks, presented at the “National Conference: Crimes of the Civil Rights Era,” at Northeastern University, Boston, on April 28, 2007, she relates an insider's perspective on the courage and sacrifices that were necessary in the modern Black Freedom Struggle. —Manning Marable
机译：1963年6月12日，NAACP实地秘书在密西西比州杰克逊对梅德加·埃弗斯（Medgar Evers）的残酷暗杀向整个国家揭示了将多元文化民主带入残酷的深南地区的巨大困难。埃弗斯（Evers）死后几个月，密西西比三角洲学生非暴力协调委员会（SNCC）的成员查尔斯·科布（Charles Cobb）提出了一个想法，可能使媒体和政治关注集中在该州对黑人的虐待上。柯布提议SNCC创建一个大规模的动员活动“密西西比州夏季”，将招募大约一千名白人学生和志愿者进入该州，以协助进行种族隔离和选民登记组织。这些志愿者的中心任务是“自由学校”的建设和运营，该学校教授非裔美国人的黑人自由运动历史以及数学，英语和其他学科。 SNCC密西西比项目的负责人鲍勃·摩西（Bob Moses）对此提议表示欢迎，当北方学生在1964年春季开始自愿在密西西比州进行组织活动时，许多人被告知他们应该准备教书。其他人则致力于正在进行的选民登记工作。史蒂芬·林德（Staughton Lynd）是年轻的白人历史学家，曾在亚特兰大的斯佩尔曼学院（Spelman College）任教，并被聘请为迈阿密大学牛津分校的大学志愿者提供培训。 Lynd亲自乘汽车去了几乎每所“自由学校”，以检查他们的发展。从1964年6月开始，SNCC组织者和学生志愿者得知，他们的努力将受到当地白人种族主义者的严重攻击。例如，在密西西比州的麦康市，一所仅开放了两天的自由学校在深夜被炸弹袭击。尽管遭到了轰炸，但仍有一百多名黑人儿童和年轻人走到被炸毁的学校上自由学校课程。来密西西比州的第一批夏季志愿者中有安德鲁·古德曼。他加入了自1964年1月以来一直在密西西比州的米奇·史威纳（Mickey Schwerner），与妻子丽塔（Rita）一起工作，当地居民包括来自子午线的非裔美国青年活动家詹姆斯·钱尼（James Chaney），负责选民登记和由COFO在子午线建立的社区中心进行社区组织。当这三人于1964年6月21日晚上在Neshoba县失踪时，民权活动人士担心最坏的情况。几周后，当联邦调查局在悬赏3万美元后发现了他们的尸体时，他们的恐惧得到了证实。最终，与Ku Klux Klan有关联的8个人被杀害了Schwerner，Chaney和Goodman，他们被判犯有民事权利罪。到密西西比州夏季结束时，有80名民权志愿者遭到了殴打，数百人遭到骚扰和逮捕，还有37座非裔美国人教堂遭到炸弹袭击。但是，夏季动员使1965年《投票权法》（Voting Rights Act）的通过成为现实，该法案在近一个世纪以来首次将选举权扩大到数百万非裔美国人。 Rita L. Bender是Mickey Schwerner的遗ow，目前是华盛顿州Skellenger Bender律师事务所的合伙人。在2007年4月28日于波士顿东北大学举行的“全国会议：民权时代的犯罪”上发表的这些讲话中，她谈到了内部人士对现代黑人自由斗争中必要的勇气和牺牲的看法。 。 ——Manning Marable

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