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The early Kant's (anti-) Newtonianism

机译：早期康德的（反）牛顿主义

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It is well known that during his pre-Critical period, Kant was a major proponent of Newtonian physics, for the project of the Universal Natural History explicitly uses "Newtonian principles" to explain the formation of the various bodies that constitute our solar system as well as those that lie beyond. What has not been widely noted, however, is that the early Kant also developed a major criticism of Newton, one that is based on subtle metaphysical issues pertaining to God, which are most at home in philosophical theology. Interestingly, this criticism is neither an inchoate precursor of his later criticisms of Newton's account of absolute space, nor isolated to the abstract realm of metaphysics, but has a wide range of implications for the way in which a scientific account of the formation and constitution of the heavenly bodies ought to be developed, that is, for the kind of argument Newton offered in the Principle That Kant remained interested in this set of issues later in his Critical period suggests that, alongside the revolutionary changes that comprise transcendental idealism, there are deep continuities not only in his Newtonian commitments, but in his anti-Newtonian tendencies as well.
机译：众所周知，康德在批评前时期是牛顿物理学的主要拥护者，因为“宇宙自然史”计划明确使用“牛顿原理”来解释构成我们太阳系的各种物体的形成。就像那些超出范围的人一样。然而，尚未被广泛注意到的是，早期的康德还对牛顿提出了主要的批评，牛顿的批评基于与神有关的细微的形而上学问题，这在哲学神学中最为普遍。有趣的是，这种批评既不是他后来对牛顿对绝对空间的解释的批评的早期先驱，也不是孤立于形而上学的抽象领域的，而是对科学解释宇宙的形成和构成的方式具有广泛的意义。应当发展天体，也就是说，对于牛顿在康德在其关键时期后期仍然对这一系列问题感兴趣的原则中提出的那种论点表明，除了包括先验唯心主义的革命性变化之外，还有深远的意义。连续性不仅体现在他的牛顿主义承诺中，而且还体现在他的反牛顿主义倾向中。

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