The conflict in Syria has changed significantly since the first signs of an armed insurgency began to emerge in late May 2011. While the largely nationalist-minded Free Syrian Army (FSA) gradually devolved into an amorphous gathering of locally focused militia units with minimal command links to a leadership in Turkey, the capabilities and influence of Salafist and Sunni jihadist groups expanded considerably. The Syrian insurgency has had an overt Sunni jihadist component since 23 January 2012, when Jabhat al-Nusra announced its emergence and claimed responsibility for its first attack - a suicide bombing in Damascus on 23 December 2011, which killed 40 people. However, Jabhat al-Nusra had in fact been covertly active on a minimal scale in Syria from at least August 2011, thanks to the release of Islamist detainees from Syrian prisons under a series of presidential amnesties in May-June 2011; to the presence of a number of existing al-Qaeda-linked jihadist cells; and to the arrival of then senior ISIS commander Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani from his base in Mosul, Iraq.
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机译：自2011年5月下旬开始出现武装叛乱的最初迹象以来，叙利亚的冲突已发生了重大变化。而具有民族主义意识的自由叙利亚军（FSA）逐渐沦落为由当地民兵组成的无定形聚集地，其指挥联系最少在土耳其的领导层，萨拉夫派和逊尼派圣战组织的能力和影响力大大扩大。自2012年1月23日以来，叙利亚叛乱分子就拥有明显的逊尼派圣战组织，当时Jabhat al-Nusra宣布成立并声称对其第一次袭击负责-2011年12月23日在大马士革发生的自杀性炸弹爆炸，炸死40人。但是，事实上，至少从2011年8月起，贾巴哈特·努斯拉（Jabhat al-Nusra）就在叙利亚秘密活动了，这要归功于2011年5月至6月一系列总统大赦，从叙利亚监狱中释放了伊斯兰教被拘留者；存在大量与基地组织相关的圣战分子；以及当时的ISIS高级指挥官Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani从他位于伊拉克摩苏尔的基地到达。
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