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Audio Description: Making Useful Maps for Blind and Visually Impaired People

机译：声音描述：对盲人和视力受损的人进行有用的地图

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Purpose: Technical communicators concerned with such issues as media accessibility, disability rights, and universal design could explore fertile scholarly ground by investigating Audio Description more through applied research methods. This article illustrates such potential through the explication of a transmodal-translation process conducted on National Park Service brochures, including interpretation and transformation of their maps into acoustic forms.Method: Our mixed-methods approach included feedback from diverse blind, visually impaired, and sighted stakeholders, including administrators, media designers, and representative park-site users. These insights were then tested through field work and complemented by multiple interviews and focus groups. During this process, we developed digital tools-including open-source software and free mobile apps-for iterative testing and sharing of ideas.Results: Besides generating thematic and diverse insights about this topic, our study also established, developed, and refined a set of best-practices guidelines based on research in the field, informed by gathered empirical evidence. These guidelines are intended to support subject-matter experts at public attractions, regardless of discipline, in the creation of better, more accessible maps through Audio Description.Conclusion: How could a person possibly transform a complex, fully visual, and printed-on-paper map into useful acoustic media for blind and visually impaired visitors? After consulting the scattered, related literature, we oriented our efforts toward the multi-faceted technical communication practice of localization. We then dedicated our project resources to real-world interventions through both the application and the development of audio-description strategies and digital-media-delivery systems as a practical and universal approach to these related translation and localization problems.
机译：目的：通过应用研究方法调查音频描述，涉及媒体可访问性，残疾权利和普遍设计等问题的技术通信可以通过应用研究方法来探索肥沃的学术界。本文通过解释在国家公园服务小册子上进行的传输转换过程的解释过程中的这种潜力，包括将地图的解释和转换为声学形式。方法：我们的混合方法方法包括各种盲，视力受损和视力利益相关者的反馈，包括管理员，媒体设计师和代表公园网站用户。然后通过现场工作测试这些见解并由多次访谈和焦点小组进行补充。在此过程中，我们开发了数字工具 - 包括开源软件和免费移动应用程序 - 用于迭代测试和共享思想。结果：除了为此主题生成专题和多样化的见解外，我们还建立了基于该领域的研究的研究，开发，制定，提出了一系列最佳实践指南，通过收集的经验证据了解。这些指南旨在支持公共景点的主题专家，无论纪律如何，在创建更好的，通过音频描述的创建更好的地图。结论：人们如何将复杂，完全视觉和印刷品地图转换为有用的声学媒体，用于盲目和视力受损的访客？在咨询分散的相关文献之后，我们向我们朝着定位的多方面技术沟通实践为努力。然后，我们通过应用程序和开发音频描述策略和数字媒体交付系统作为对这些相关的平移和本地化问题的实用和普遍方法的实际和普遍的方法来致力于现实世界的干预措施。

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