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Water demands for electricity generation in the US: Modeling different scenarios for the water-energy nexus

机译：美国发电用水需求：为水能关系建立不同的情景模型

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Water withdrawal for electricity generation in the United States accounts for approximately half the total freshwater withdrawal. With steadily growing electricity demands, a changing climate, and limited water supplies in many water-scarce states, meeting future energy and water demands poses a significant socioeconomic challenge. Employing an integrated modeling approach that captures the energy-water interactions at regional and national scales can improve our understanding of the key drivers that govern those interactions and the role of national policies. In this study, the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), a technologically-detailed integrated model of the economy, energy, agriculture and land use, water, and climate systems, was extended to model the electricity and water systems at the state level in the US. (GCAM-USA). GCAM-USA was employed to estimate future state-level electricity generation and consumption, and their associated water withdrawals and consumption under a set of seven scenarios with extensive detail on the generation fuel portfolio, cooling technology mix, and their associated water use intensities. These seven scenarios were explored to investigate the implications of socioeconomic development and growing electricity demands, cooling system transitions, adoption of water-saving technologies, climate mitigation policy and electricity trading options on future water demands of the U.S. electric-sector. Our findings include: 1) decreasing water withdrawals and increasing water consumption from the conversion from open-loop to closed-loop cooling systems; 2) different energy-sector water demand behaviors with alternative pathways to the mitigation goal; 3) open trading of electricity benefiting energy-scarce yet demand-intensive states; 4) across-state homogeneity under certain driving forces (e.g., climate mitigation and water-saving technologies) and mixed effects under other drivers (e.g. electricity trade); and 5) a clear trade-off between water consumption and withdrawal for the electricity sector in the U.S. The paper discusses this withdrawal-consumption trade-off in the context of current national policies and regulations that favor decreasing withdrawals (and increasing consumptive use), and the role of water-saving technologies. The study also clearly shows that climate mitigation strategies focusing on CCS and nuclear power will have less favorable water consumption effects than strategies that support renewable energy and water-saving technologies. The highly-resolved nature of this study, both geographically and technologically, provides a useful platform to address scientific and policy-relevant and emerging issues at the heart of the water-energy nexus in the U.S. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
机译：在美国，用于发电的取水量约占淡水取水总量的一半。在许多缺水州，随着电力需求的稳定增长，气候变化以及有限的水供应，满足未来的能源和水需求构成了巨大的社会经济挑战。采用集成的建模方法来捕获区域和国家范围内的能源与水的相互作用，可以增进我们对支配这些相互作用的关键驱动因素以及国家政策作用的理解。在这项研究中，对全球变化评估模型（GCAM）进行了扩展，该模型是技术，经济，能源，农业和土地利用，水和气候系统的详细集成模型，用于模拟州​​一级的电力和水系统。美国。 （美国GCAM）。 GCAM-USA被用来估算未来状态水平的发电量和消耗量，以及在七个场景中的相关取水量和消耗量，其中详细介绍了发电燃料组合，冷却技术组合及其相关的用水强度。探索了这七个方案，以调查社会经济发展和不断增长的电力需求，冷却系统过渡，采用节水技术，缓解气候变化的政策以及电力交易选择对美国电力行业未来用水需求的影响。我们的发现包括：1）从开环冷却系统转换为闭环冷却系统时，减少了取水量并增加了用水量； 2）能源部门不同的用水需求行为，以及达到缓解目标的替代途径； 3）有利于能源匮乏但需求密集的国家的电力公开交易； 4）在某些驱动力下（例如气候缓解和节水技术）的跨州同质性，在其他驱动力下（例如电力贸易）的混合效应；和5）美国电力部门的用水量与取水量之间的明确权衡。本文在当前国家政策和法规的背景下讨论了取水量与取水量之间的取舍，该政策和法规有利于减少取水量（并增加消费性使用），以及节水技术的作用。该研究还清楚地表明，与支持可再生能源和节水技术的战略相比，以CCS和核电为重点的气候减缓战略对水的消耗影响较小。这项研究的高度解析性，无论是在地理上还是技术上，都为解决科学和政策相关的新兴问题提供了有用的平台，而这些问题是美国水能关系的核心（C）2014 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。

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