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Catching recurring waves: Low-emission vehicles, international policy developments and firm innovation strategies

机译：迎头而来的浪潮：低排放汽车，国际政策发展和坚定的创新战略

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Low-emission vehicle (LEV) technologies have grown in the 1990s, but have since experienced fluctuating interest. Initially, electric vehicles (EVs) were the most promising technology. Most large car Firms developed EVs and started bringing them to the market, in limited numbers. Yet, car firms halted their EV engagement around 2001 and focused on hybrid vehicles (HVs) and fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) instead. Hybrids found their way into the product portfolios of most car manufacturers while FCVs failed to gain traction. In 2006, car firms again committed to EVs, and on a larger scale. To better understand recurring waves of firms' low-emission-vehicle investments in the international context, this paper explores the influence of geographically-bound government policies on car firms' innovation strategies. An analysis of archival data from 1997 to 2010 details LEV-specific developments per region/firm, and shows the complex interplay between policies on local, national and international levels and firms' strategies. Three mechanisms seem to shape the international LEV trajectory: (1) international policy diffusion (vertically and horizontally), (2) firms' international operations, and (3) fit between policy requirements and firm capabilities. Heeding the call for a better geographical conceptualization of technological trajectories, this paper also proposes a framework that explains co-evolution between government policies and car manufacturers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
机译：低排放汽车（LEV）技术在1990年代得到了发展，但此后人们的兴趣不断变化。最初，电动汽车（EV）是最有前途的技术。大多数大型汽车公司都开发了电动汽车，并开始将其数量有限地推向市场。然而，汽车公司在2001年左右停止了对电动汽车的投入，而专注于混合动力汽车（HV）和燃料电池汽车（FCV）。混合动力汽车进入了大多数汽车制造商的产品组合，而FCV却未能获得关注。 2006年，汽车公司再次致力于电动汽车，并且规模更大。为了更好地了解国际背景下企业对低排放汽车的反复投资浪潮，本文探讨了受地域限制的政府政策对汽车企业创新战略的影响。对1997年至2010年档案数据的分析详细说明了每个地区/公司针对LEV的特定发展，并显示了地方，国家和国际层面的政策与企业战略之间的复杂相互作用。三种机制似乎在塑造着国际LEV的轨迹：（1）国际政策（纵向和横向）扩散；（2）企业的国际运作；（3）政策要求与企业能力之间的契合。顺应对技术路线更好地进行地理概念化的呼吁，本文还提出了一个框架，解释了政府政策与汽车制造商之间的共同演变。 （C）2015 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。

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