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Assessing the relative importance of multiple channels for embodied and disembodied technological spillovers

机译：评估多种渠道对于体现和不体现技术溢出的相对重要性

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With ever increasing global integration, productivity improvements depend not only on in-house innovative efforts, but on those of international partners as well. This paper explores the impact of foreign R&D on productivity and technical efficiency of countries by considering three channels of embodied and disembodied spillovers, namely trade, foreign direct investment and patenting, and controlling for the direct licensing of foreign technologies. Furthermore, it contrasts these effects across 47 developed and transition countries between 1990 and 2009. Overall, I find that trade remains the dominant factor behind productivity and technical progress, while the effects of FDI- and patent-related spillovers are significantly smaller. The effect of foreign patenting is larger in developed nations while imports, inward FDI and foreign technology licensing are important sources of know-how for transition economies. The aggregate gains from spillovers appear larger for latter, confirming their significance in the process of development and catching-up.
机译：随着全球集成度的不断提高，生产率的提高不仅取决于内部的创新努力，而且还取决于国际合作伙伴的努力。本文通过考虑有形和无形溢出的三个渠道，即贸易，外国直接投资和专利，以及控制外国技术的直接许可，探索了外国研发对国家生产率和技术效率的影响。此外，它还对比了1990年至2009年间47个发达国家和转型国家的这些影响。总的来说，我发现贸易仍然是生产力和技术进步背后的主导因素，而FDI和专利相关溢出的影响则要小得多。外国专利在发达国家的影响更大，而进口，内向外国直接投资和外国技术许可是转型期经济的重要知识来源。对于后者而言，溢出带来的总收益似乎更大，证实了它们在发展和追赶过程中的重要性。

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