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Proximity, networking and knowledge production in Europe: What lessons for innovation policy?

机译：欧洲的邻近性，网络和知识生产：创新政策的哪些教训？

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摘要

This paper aims at investigating the role of different types of proximity on the technological activity of a region within the context of a knowledge production function, where R&D expenditure and human capital are the main internal inputs. We thus assess to what extent the creation of new ideas in a certain region is enhanced by knowledge flows coming from proximate regions. In particular, we examine in detail different kinds of proximity by combining the usual geographical dimension with the institutional, technological, social and organizational proximity. The analysis is implemented for an ample dataset referring to 276 regions in 29 European countries (EU27 plus Norway, Switzerland) over the last decade. Results show that human capital and R&D are clearly essential for innovative activity with the former being much more effective in driving the production of knowledge. As for the proximity and network effects, we find that technological proximity outperforms the geographic one, whilst a limited role is played by social and organizational networks. As a result, the first policy message is that European regions still need to focus on policies aimed at increasing the endowments of well-educated labour force and therefore their knowledge base. Furthermore, we need innovation policies based on each region's specific innovation potential, due to the existing differences in geographical, cognitive, institutional, social and organizational structures and networks.
机译：本文旨在研究在知识生产功能的背景下，不同类型的邻近度对区域技术活动的作用，其中研发支出和人力资本是主要的内部投入。因此，我们评估了来自邻近地区的知识流在多大程度上增强了某个地区新思想的创造。特别是，我们通过将通常的地理范围与制度，技术，社会和组织的接近度相结合，详细研究了各种接近度。在过去十年中，针对涉及29个欧洲国家（EU27加挪威，瑞士）的276个地区的充足数据集进行了分析。结果表明，人力资本和研发对于创新活动显然是必不可少的，而前者在推动知识生产方面更为有效。关于邻近性和网络效应，我们发现技术邻近性优于地理区域，而社交和组织网络所扮演的角色有限。结果，第一个政策信息是，欧洲地区仍然需要集中精力于旨在提高受过良好教育的劳动力的and赋并因此增加其知识基础的政策。此外，由于地理，认知，制度，社会和组织结构和网络方面的现有差异，我们需要基于每个地区特定创新潜力的创新政策。

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