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首页> 外文期刊>Technological forecasting and social change >The 'swing of the pendulum' from public to market support for science and technology: Is the U.S. leading the way?
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The 'swing of the pendulum' from public to market support for science and technology: Is the U.S. leading the way?

机译：从公众到市场对科学技术的支持的“钟摆摇摆”：美国在引领潮流吗？

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摘要

The structure and financing of science and technology activities are undergoing a slow, but profound, change. This change can be briefly characterized as a shift from relying and supporting public science to a stronger emphasis on "market-based" incentives for science and technology. In this paper we analyze this shift in a historical perspective, discussing both the theoretical explanations and the empirical trends of the ongoing change. While we do not claim to provide a comprehensive and exhaustive identification of the causes of this shift, we argue that it is largely driven by the perception of a shift of the U.S. policy towards market-based, rather than publicly supported, incentives for science and technology. This, in turn―given the strong economic performance of the United States over the 1990s―has influenced policies in most OECD countries, especially in Europe. We conclude by analyzing the evolution of research in U.S. higher education and find two major trends: an increasing diversity in the number of institutions of different types other than universities and a steady and continuous public funding of the leading U.S. universities. This has allowed the construction of an infrastructure now used largely by the private sector, but it also noted that the United States has not compromised public support for core areas or in those fields in which there is a clear perception that market incentives are not sufficient for meeting the strategic targets of the U.S. policy. The implication is that there is a considerable policy diversity in the U.S. practice and that all aspects of this diversity should be considered when using the United States as a reference.
机译：科技活动的结构和资金正在经历缓慢但深刻的变化。可以将这种变化简单地描述为从对公共科学的依赖和支持转向对科学技术的“基于市场的”激励措施的更加强调。在本文中，我们从历史的角度分析了这种转变，讨论了正在进行的变化的理论解释和经验趋势。尽管我们没有声称要全面，详尽地确定这种转变的原因，但我们认为，这在很大程度上是由于人们认为美国的政策转向了基于市场的激励措施，而不是受到公众支持的科学和技术激励措施。技术。鉴于美国在1990年代的强劲经济表现，这反过来影响了大多数经合组织国家，尤其是欧洲的政策。我们通过分析美国高等教育研究的发展得出结论，发现了两个主要趋势：除大学以外的各种类型的机构数量不断增加，以及美国领先大学的稳定而持续的公共资助。这允许建设目前主要由私营部门使用的基础设施，但是它也指出，美国并未损害公众对核心领域或在明显意识到市场激励措施不足以实现这些领域的公共支持达到美国政策的战略目标。这意味着在美国实践中存在相当大的政策多样性，在以美国为参照标准时应考虑这种多样性的所有方面。

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