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Energy Regime Choices: Nuclear or Not?

机译：能源体制选择：核能与否？

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摘要

The energy system in industrialized countries is changing in what can be seen as an example of a technological regime change, reflecting a wider shift towards environmentally sustainable technology which may impact on all sectors in the economy. In recent years, the emphasis in the UK's power generation system has increasingly been on smaller scale power plants, combined cycle gas turbine plants and wind farms of the order of 20-100 megawatts instead of giant gigawatt coal and nuclear plants. The UK is thus moving from a system in which large centralized plants send power to users down long grid lines, to one in which smaller plants are embedded in more localized grid networks. The traditional approach had its merits, since there are economies of scale and performance with larger plants, but with power plants having reached 1.3 GW, the efficiency gains have more or less been fully exploited. What has become more important is that there are energy losses (of up to 8-9%) due to transmitting power from large centralized plants to consumers over long distances. Even more important is the very large losses (up to 70%) associated with the conventional centralized approach to the generation of electricity: the energy conversion efficiency of conventional coal and nuclear plants is only around 33%, with most of the energy being dumped as waste heat. In response, the trend is to towards decentralization, including co-generation of heat as well as power for local use (in so-called combined heat and power plants) and self generation by consumers themselves using domestic scale micro-power systems using local renewable sources.
机译：工业化国家的能源系统正在发生变化，这可以看作是技术体制变化的一个例子，反映了向环境可持续技术的广泛转变，这可能会影响经济的所有部门。近年来，英国发电系统的重点越来越放在规模较小的发电厂，联合循环燃气轮机发电厂和20-100兆瓦左右的风力发电场上，而不是巨型千兆瓦的燃煤和核电厂。因此，英国正在从一种大型集中式电厂通过长电网向用户供电的系统转变为一种将小型电厂嵌入更本地化的电网的系统。传统方法有其优点，因为大型电厂具有规模经济和性能优势，但发电厂容量达到1.3 GW时，或多或少地充分利用了效率提升。更为重要的是，由于电力从大型集中式工厂向远距离传输给用户，导致能量损失（高达8-9％）。更为重要的是，与传统的集中式发电方式相关的巨大损失（高达70％）：常规燃煤和核电厂的能量转换效率仅为33％左右，其中大部分能量都作为浪费热量。作为回应，趋势是走向权力下放，包括供热和供本地使用的电力（在所谓的热电联产电厂中）的热电联产，以及由消费者自己使用使用本地可再生能源的家用微型电力系统自行发电资料来源。

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