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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Ethics >Punishment Theory’s Golden Half Century: A Survey of Developments from (about) 1957 to 2007
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Punishment Theory’s Golden Half Century: A Survey of Developments from (about) 1957 to 2007

机译：惩罚理论的黄金半个世纪：从1957年至2007年的发展概况

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This paper describes developments in punishment theory since the middle of the twentieth century. After the mid–1960s, what Stanley I. Benn called “preventive theories of punishment”—whether strictly utilitarian or more loosely consequentialist like his—entered a long and steep decline, beginning with the virtual disappearance of reform theory in the 1970s. Crowding out preventive theories were various alternatives generally (but, as I shall argue, misleadingly) categorized as “retributive”. These alternatives include both old theories (such as the education theory) resurrected after many decades in philosophy’s graveyard and some new ones (such as the fairness theory). Only in the last decade or so have new vares o “consequentialism” appeared to dilute a debate among philosophers that had become almost entirely about “retributivism”. I shall describe this trend in more detail. The description will be less an update of my 1990 survey than a rethinking of it. The conclusion I draw from this rethinking is that we need to drop the utilitarian–retributivist (and nonconsequentialist–nonconsequentialist) distinction in favor of one sorting punishment theories according to whether they rely in part on empirical considerations (externalist theories) or instead rely (almost) entirely on conceptual relations (internalist theories).
机译：本文描述了自20世纪中叶以来惩罚理论的发展。在1960年代中期之后，斯坦利·本·本恩（Stanley I. Benn）所谓的“预防性惩罚理论”（无论是严格的功利主义还是像他这样的较为宽松的后果主义主义者）进入了漫长而陡峭的衰落期，始于1970年代改革理论的虚拟消失。挤出预防理论是归类为“报应性”的各种替代方法（但是，正如我将论证的那样，具有误导性）。这些替代方案既包括在哲学的坟墓中数十年后复活的旧理论（例如教育理论），也包括一些新理论（例如公平理论）。仅在最近十年左右，新出现的“后果主义”才逐渐淡化了哲学家之间的争论，而这场争论几乎已经完全变成了“分配主义”。我将更详细地描述这种趋势。该描述将不是对我1990年调查的更新，而是对它的重新思考。我从这种重新思考中得出的结论是，我们需要放弃功利主义-分配主义（和非结果主义-非结果主义）的区别，转而支持一种分类惩罚理论，这取决于它们是部分依靠经验考虑（外部主义理论）还是依靠（几乎是经验主义的） ）完全基于概念关系（内部主义理论）。

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