Justice Information Sharing: The Tools Are Now Available

David J. Roberts

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Justice Information Sharing: The Tools Are Now Available

机译：司法信息共享：工具现已可用

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Information is the lifeblood of effective justice and public safety. The integration of justice, public safety, intelligence, and other governmental information transcends the day-to-day operational needs and priorities of justice agencies and has become, particularly in light of the terrorist attacks of 9 /11, a national and international security imperative. A variety of emergency situations in recent years have demonstrated the tragic consequences that often result from the inability of agencies to effectively share timely and accurate information. Terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and large-scale organized criminal incidents too often have served as case studies that reveal weaknesses in our information sharing capabilities.

机译：信息是有效司法和公共安全的命脉。司法，公共安全，情报和其他政府信息的集成超越了司法机构的日常运作需要和优先事项，并且尤其在9/11恐怖袭击的情况下，已成为国家和国际安全的当务之急。近年来，各种紧急情况表明，悲剧性后果通常是由于各机构无法有效共享及时而准确的信息而造成的。恐怖主义袭击，自然灾害和大规模有组织的犯罪事件经常被用作案例研究，以揭示我们信息共享能力的弱点。

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《The police chief》 |2012年第8期|p.9294|共2页
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David J. Roberts;
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1. Justice through consensus: Shared identity and the preference for a restorative notion of justice [J] . Wenzel M, Okimoto TG, Feather NT, European journal of social psychology . 2010,第6期

机译：通过共识实现正义：共同的身份以及倾向于恢复性正义的观念
2. Retributive and restorative justice: Importance of crime severity and shared identity in people's justice responses [J] . Dena M. Gromet, John M. Darley Australian Journal of Psychology . 2009,第1期

机译：分配性和恢复性司法：犯罪严重程度和共同身份在人们司法应对中的重要性
3. What is "shared" in shared decision-making? Philosophical perspectives, epistemic justice, and implications for health professions education [J] . Journal of international management . 2020,第2期

机译：共同决策中的“共享”是什么？哲学观点，认识司法，对健康专业教育的影响
4. Sharing through Commitment: Organizational Justice and Trust as Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing between IT Professionals [C] . Mingtien Tsai, Naichang Cheng Proceedings of fourth international conference on operations and supply chain management. . 2010

机译：通过承诺进行共享：组织公正和信任是IT专业人员之间知识共享的前提
5. From Pursuing Innocence to Ensuing Innocence: How Performance Can Empower Youth to Access and Establish Shared Governance in Juvenile Justice [D] . Teshome, Tezeru 2019

机译：从追求纯真到随之而来的纯真：表现如何使青年人有权获得和建立少年司法的共同治理
6. Shared residential placement for child welfare and juvenile justice youth: current treatment needs and risk of adult criminal conviction [O] . Lena Jäggi, Marc Schmid, David Bürgin, 2021

机译：儿童福利和少年司法青年的共享住宅安置：当前的治疗需求和成人刑事定罪风险
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

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