In the wake of Stuxnet, there has been an increasing tendency on the part of politicians and analysts to see the sophistication of a cyber-attack as an indication of its perpetrator. Indeed, the more sophisticated the attack, the more sophisticated the attacker, thereby pointing to a state actor as the culprit - or so it is argued. However, Clement Guitton and Elaine Korzak note the lack of clarity and inconsistency around the term 'sophistication', contending that it is context-dependent and therefore that it cannot be used unquestioningly in identifying the perpetrator of a cyber-attack.
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