American Diplomacy and Adversarial Relationships: US Practices in Historical Perspective

Robert McCeehan

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American Diplomacy and Adversarial Relationships: US Practices in Historical Perspective

机译：美国的外交与对抗关系：历史视角下的美国实践

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As suggested at the outset, no single, simple, or historically consistent explanation can neatly reply to the original question. One outrageously simplistic observation, which is nonetheless recurrently applicable, is that the United States has from its beginnings been disinclined to have diplomatic relations, or direct dealings such as negotiations or even discussions, with states or governments of which it strongly disapproves. Such disapproval has historically been based on moral, economic, ideological, political and/or historical/sentimental ('who lost China?') grounds. Hence disapproval can be general or specific: when general, there is an expectation that for the situation to change, across-the-board improvement in an adversary's policies must be manifested; when specific, this tends to lead to an American demand that the adversary give up his trump card or discard the most essential component of his foreign policy (as recently done by Libya in voluntarily giving up its nuclear weapons programme), which if done can lead directly to a new diplomatic relationship but which for obvious reasons is unlikely to happen since a primary source of the adversary's power is precisely the unacceptability of its most basic policy position. Another factor, applicable only to small states, could be that the establishment of relations just might not be worth the bother, or involve costs exceeding their value.

机译：如开始时所建议的那样，任何单一，简单或历史上一致的解释都不能巧妙地回答原始问题。仍然普遍适用的一个极其简单的观察结果是，美国从一开始就不希望与美国强烈反对的国家或政府建立外交关系或直接交易，例如谈判甚至讨论。过去，这种拒绝是基于道德，经济，意识形态，政治和/或历史/情感（“谁失去了中国？”）的理由。因此，拒绝可能是普遍的，也可能是特定的：普遍的情况是，期望情况发生变化，必须体现出对敌方政策的全面改善；具体而言，这往往导致美国要求对手放弃其王牌或放弃其外交政策中最重要的组成部分（如利比亚最近在自愿放弃其核武器计划中所做的那样），如果这样做可以导致直接建立新的外交关系，但由于明显的原因，这种可能性不大可能发生，因为对手权力的主要来源恰恰是其最基本的政策立场无法接受。仅适用于小国的另一个因素可能是，建立关系可能不值得打扰，或涉及超出其价值的成本。

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《The RUSI journal》 |2007年第2期|p.46-51|共6页
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Robert McCeehan;
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American Diplomacy and Adversarial Relationships: US Practices in Historical Perspective

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