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A dynamic link between the basin-scale and zonal modes in the Tropical Indian Ocean

机译：热带印度洋流域尺度与纬向模式之间的动态联系

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摘要

The interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean is dominated mainly by a basin-scale mode (BM) and partly by an east-west contrast mode (zonal mode, ZM). The BM reflects the basin-scale warming or cooling and is highly correlated with El Nino with 3- to 6-month lags, while the ZM is marginally correlated with El Nino with 9-month lags.During an El Nino, large-scale anomalous subsidence over the maritime continent occurs as a result of an eastward shift in the rising branch of the Walker circulation suppresses convection over the eastern Indian Ocean, allowing more solar radiation over the eastern Indian Ocean. At the same time, the anomalous southeasterly wind over the equatorial Indian Ocean forces the thermocline over the western Indian Ocean to deepen, especially in the southern part. As a result, SST over the whole basin increases. As El Nino decays, the subsidence over the maritime continent ceases and so does the anomalous southeasterly wind. However, the thermocline perturbation does not quickly shoal back to normal because of inertia and it disperses as Rossby waves. These Rossby waves are reflected back as an equatorial Kelvin wave, causing deepening of the thermocline in the eastern Indian Ocean, and preventing SSTs from cooling in that region. Moreover, the weaker wind speed of the monsoon circulation results in less latent heat loss, and thus warms the eastern Indian Ocean. These two processes therefore help to maintain warm SSTs over the eastern Indian Ocean until fall. During the fall, the warm SST over the eastern Indian Ocean and the cold SST over the western Indian Ocean are enhanced by air-sea interaction and the ZM returns. The ZM dissipates through the seasonal reversal of the monsoon atmospheric circulation and the boundary-reflected Kelvin wave. In the same manner, a basin-scale cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean can induce the ZM warming in the west and cooling in the east.
机译：热带印度洋海表温度（SST）异常的年际变化主要由盆地尺度模式（BM）主导，部分由东西向对比模式（zonal mode，ZM）主导。 BM反映了盆地规模的变暖或降温，并且与厄尔尼诺现象有3到6个月的滞后高度相关，而ZM与厄尔尼诺现象有9个月的滞后高度相关。由于沃克环流上升分支的东移抑制了印度洋东部的对流，从而使印度洋东部有更多的太阳辐射，因此发生了对海洋大陆的沉陷。同时，赤道印度洋上空的东南风异常迫使西印度洋上的温跃层加深，特别是在南部。结果，整个盆地的海表温度增加。随着厄尔尼诺现象的衰减，海洋大陆上的沉降停止了，异常的东南风也停止了。但是，由于惯性，温跃层摄动并不能很快恢复到正常水平，并且随着罗斯比波的传播而散布开来。这些罗斯比波以赤道开尔文波的形式反射回去，导致印度洋东部的温跃层加深，并阻止了该区域的海温过冷。此外，季风环流的较弱风速导致较少的潜热损失，从而使印度洋东部变暖。因此，这两个过程有助于将印度洋东部的暖海温维持到秋季。在秋季，印度洋东部的温暖海温和印度西部西部的冷海温通过海-气相互作用而增强，ZM返回。 ZM通过季风大气环流的季节性反转和边界反射的开尔文波消散。以同样的方式，热带印度洋的盆地规模降温会导致ZM变暖，而西部变冷。

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