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Steam Turbine Flow Path Seals (a Review)

机译：汽轮机流道密封件（评论）

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AbstractVarious types of shroud, diaphragm, and end seals preventing idle leak of working steam are installed in the flow paths of steam turbine cylinders for improving their efficiency. Widely known labyrinth seals are most extensively used in the Russian turbine construction industry. The category of labyrinth seals also includes seals with honeycomb inserts. The developers of seals with honeycomb inserts state that the use of such seals makes it possible to achieve certain gain due to smaller leaks of working fluid and more reliable operation of the system under the conditions in which the rotor rotating parts may rub against the stator elements. However, a positive effect can only be achieved if the optimal design parameters of the honeycomb structure are fulfilled with due regard to the specific features of its manufacturing technology and provided that this structure is applied in a goal-seeking manner in the seals of steam and gas turbines and compressors without degrading their vibration stability. Calculated and preliminary assessments made by experts testify that the replacement of conventional labyrinth seals by seals with honeycomb inserts alone, due to which the radial gaps in the shroud seal can be decreased from 1.5 to 0.5 mm, allows the turbine cylinder efficiency to be increased at the initial stage by approximately 1% with the corresponding gain in the turbine set power output. The use of rectangular-cellular seals may result, according to estimates made by their developers, in a further improvement of turbine efficiency by 0.5–1.0%. The labor input required to fabricate such seals is six to eight times smaller than that to fabricate labyrinth seals with honeycomb inserts. Recent years have seen the turbine construction companies of the United States and Germany advertising the use of abradable (sealing) coatings (borrowed from the gas turbine construction technology) in the turbine designs instead of labyrinth seals. The most efficient performance of such seals in the turbine flow path is achieved with the sealing material-to-blade linear wear ratio equal to 10 : 1. According to estimates of the developers, application of abradable (sealing) coatings to all problem surfaces (resulting in the power output increased by 0.5–1.0%) is economically profitable even if this procedure is carried out under field conditions at a thermal power plant.
机译： 摘要 各种类型的护罩，隔膜和端部密封件，可防止工作蒸汽的空转泄漏，安装在汽轮机气缸的流路中以提高他们的效率。众所周知的迷宫式密封件在俄罗斯涡轮机建筑行业中使用最为广泛。迷宫式密封件的类别还包括带有蜂窝状插入件的密封件。带有蜂窝状插入件的密封件的开发者指出，由于在转子旋转部件可能会摩擦定子元件的情况下工作流体的泄漏量较小以及系统的运行更可靠，因此使用此类密封件可以实现一定的收益。但是，只有在充分考虑蜂窝结构的制造技术特点的前提下满足蜂窝结构的最佳设计参数，并且该结构以寻求目标的方式应用于蒸汽和蒸汽的密封中，才能取得积极的效果。燃气轮机和压缩机，而不会降低其振动稳定性。专家进行的计算和初步评估证明，仅用蜂窝状插入件代替密封件即可替代传统的迷宫式密封件，因此，护罩密封件中的径向间隙可从1.5毫米减小至0.5毫米，从而可提高涡轮机气缸的效率。初始阶段大约增加1％，涡轮发电机组的功率输出相应增加。根据开发人员的估计，使用矩形孔式密封件可以使涡轮机效率进一步提高0.5-1.0％。制造这种密封件所需的劳力比用蜂窝插入件制造迷宫式密封件要少六到八倍。近年来，美国和德国的涡轮机制造公司宣传在涡轮机设计中使用耐磨（密封）涂层（从燃气轮机制造技术中借用）代替迷宫式密封。此类密封在涡轮机流动路径中的最有效性能是通过等于10：1的密封材料与叶片线性磨损比实现的。根据开发人员的估计，可磨损（密封）涂层应用于所有有问题的表面（即使在火力发电厂的现场条件下执行此步骤，也可以使功率输出提高0.5-1.0％）是经济上有利的。

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