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Current State of Nuclear Fuel Cycles in Nuclear Engineering and Trends in Their Development According to the Environmental Safety Requirements

机译：根据环境安全要求，核工程中核燃料循环的现状及其发展趋势

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The state and trends in the development of nuclear fuel cycles in nuclear engineering, taking into account the ecological aspects of using nuclear power plants, are considered. An analysis of advantages and disadvantages of nuclear engineering, compared with thermal engineering based on organic fuel types, was carried out. Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) reprocessing is an important task in the nuclear industry, since fuel unloaded from modern reactors of any type contains a large amount of radioactive elements that are harmful to the environment. On the other hand, the newly generated isotopes of uranium and plutonium should be reused to fabricate new nuclear fuel. The spent nuclear fuel also includes other types of fission products. Conditions for SNF handling are determined by ecological and economic factors. When choosing a certain handling method, one should assess these factors at all stages of its implementation. There are two main methods of SNF handling: open nuclear fuel cycle, with spent nuclear fuel assemblies (NFAs) that are held in storage facilities with their consequent disposal, and closed nuclear fuel cycle, with separation of uranium and plutonium, their purification from fission products, and use for producing new fuel batches. The development of effective closed fuel cycles using mixed uranium-plutonium fuel can provide a successful development of the nuclear industry only under the conditions of implementation of novel effective technological treatment processes that meet strict requirements of environmental safety and reliability of process equipment being applied. The diversity of technological processes is determined by different types of NFA devices and construction materials being used, as well as by the composition that depends on nuclear fuel components and operational conditions for assemblies in the nuclear power reactor. This work provides an overview of technological processes of SNF treatment and methods of handling of nuclear fuel assemblies. Based on analysis of modern engineering solutions on SNF regeneration, it has been concluded that new reprocessing technologies should meet the ecological safety requirements, provide a more extensive use of the resource base of nuclear engineering, allow the production of valuable and trace elements on an industrial scale, and decrease radioactive waste release.
机译：考虑了使用核电厂的生态方面，考虑了核工程中核燃料循环的发展状况和趋势。与基于有机燃料类型的热工相比，对核工的优缺点进行了分析。废核燃料（SNF）的后处理在核工业中是一项重要任务，因为从任何类型的现代反应堆中卸下的燃料都含有大量对环境有害的放射性元素。另一方面，应将新产生的铀和p的同位素再利用以制造新的核燃料。乏核燃料还包括其他类型的裂变产物。处理SNF的条件取决于生态和经济因素。选择某种处理方法时，应在其实施的所有阶段评估这些因素。 SNF的处理方法主要有两种：开放式核燃料循环，将乏核燃料组件（NFA）存放在存储设施中，以进行处置；封闭式核燃料循环，将铀和p分离，从裂变中纯化产品，并用于生产新的燃料批次。仅在执行满足环境安全性和所使用过程设备的严格要求的新型有效技术处理工艺的条件下，使用混合铀-p燃料开发有效的封闭燃料循环才能为核工业提供成功的发展。工艺过程的多样性取决于所使用的NFA设备和建筑材料的类型不同，以及取决于核燃料成分和核动力反应堆中组件运行条件的成分。这项工作概述了SNF处理的技术过程和核燃料组件的处理方法。在对SNF再生的现代工程解决方案进行分析的基础上，得出的结论是，新的后处理技术应满足生态安全要求，提供更广泛的核工程资源基础，允许在工业上生产有价值的微量元素扩大规模，减少放射性废物的释放。

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