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Blood cigarettes: cigarette smuggling and war economies in central and eastern Africa

机译：香烟：中非和东部非洲的香烟走私和战争经济

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Objective To analyse cigarette smuggling practices in central and eastern Africa. Methods Primary data were gathered during long-term qualitative field research in which about 400 interviews were conducted. Analysis of secondary sources included academic literature and reports from non-government organisations, multilateral organisations and the press. Results Our research suggests that the following factors play an important role in cigarette smuggling in eastern and central Africa: (1) government officials encounter difficulties monitoring the long and porous borders; (2) there is a general problem of corrupt government officials and particularly those who allow large-scale smugglers to operate; (3) criminal elements also play an important role in smuggling-cigarette smuggling has helped rebel groups to finance their activities, something illustrated through examples from the war economy in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Conclusions Our research suggests that cigarette smuggling in this region is not primarily the result of different taxation levels in neighbouring states, but rather the outcome of weak state capacity, high levels of corruption and the activities of rebel groups. Under these conditions smuggling cigarettes becomes an attractive option as taxation is so easily avoided. This explains why in the low-income countries in this study there are high levels of smuggling in spite of low cigarette prices. Comprehensive supply control and enforcement legislation, and cooperation at national, regional and global level are needed to tackle fraudulent practices facilitated by corruption at state level, and to effectively punish interaction between cigarette traders and rebel groups.
机译：目的分析中部和东部非洲的香烟走私行为。方法在长期的定性研究中收集了主要数据，进行了约400次访谈。对次要来源的分析包括学术文献和非政府组织，多边组织和新闻界的报告。结果我们的研究表明，以下因素在东部和中部非洲的香烟走私中起着重要作用：（1）政府官员在监视漫长而又多孔的边界时遇到困难； （2）普遍存在着腐败的政府官员，特别是那些允许大规模走私者活动的官员的问题； （3）犯罪分子在走私香烟中也起着重要作用，走私香烟已经帮助叛乱组织为其活动筹集资金，这在刚果民主共和国东部地区的战争经济中得到了例证。结论我们的研究表明，该地区的香烟走私主要不是邻国税收水平不同的结果，而是国家能力薄弱，腐败程度高和叛乱组织活动的结果。在这种情况下，由于很容易避免征税，走私香烟成为一种有吸引力的选择。这解释了为什么在本研究的低收入国家中，尽管卷烟价格低廉，但走私活动仍然很高。需要全面的供应控制和执法法规，以及在国家，地区和全球各级进行合作，以解决由州一级的腐败所促成的欺诈行为，并有效地惩罚卷烟商人与反叛团体之间的互动。

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  • 来源
    《Tobacco control》 |2011年第3期|p.207-211|共5页
  • 作者

    Kristof Titeca; Luk Joossens; Martin Raw;

  • 作者单位

    Research Foundation-Flanders,Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;

    International Expert on Illicit Trade in Tobacco, Framework Convention Alliance, Brussels,Belgium;

    UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health,University of Nottingham,Nottingham, UK;

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